A Click Chemistry Approach to Tetrazoles: Recent Advances

Introduction to tetrazole and click chemistry approaches was briefed in a concise way in order to help the readers have a basic understanding. Tetrazole and its derivatives play very important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. The synthesis of tetrazole derivatives can be approached in ecofriendly approaches such as the use of water as solvent, moderate conditions, nontoxic, easy extractions, easy setup, low cost, etc. with good to excellent yields

ANALISIS KONDISI HIDRO OSEANOGRAFI DI PERAIRAN TELUK TAHUNA KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE

Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe adalah salah satu daerah terluar dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Kondisi hidro oseanografi suatu daerah dapat menunjang pengembangan wilayah tersebut menjadi lebih baik. Perairan Teluk Tahuna merupakan bagian dari Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data pengukuran pasang surut di lapangan selama 14 hari, data angina dari BMKG (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika), dimana metode yang digunakan adalah metode perhitungan Fisher Tippet Type – 1. Jenis pasang surut di perairan teluk Tahuna adalah pasang surut semi diurnal, dimana dalam sehari terjadi dua kali pasang surut, dengan Muka air rerata (Mean Sea Level) adalah 2,3 m. Kecepatan arus rata – rata di perairan Perairan Teluk Tahuna adalah 0.2 m/s dimana merupakan arus cepat. Kala ulang gelombang 50 tahun mencapai 2.41 m dengan periode 6.7 m. Arah angin dominan adalah Timur Laut

Global repeat discovery and estimation of genomic copy number in a large, complex genome using a high-throughput 454 sequence survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Extensive computational and database tools are available to mine genomic and genetic databases for model organisms, but little genomic data is available for many species of ecological or agricultural significance, especially those with large genomes. Genome surveys using conventional sequencing techniques are powerful, particularly for detecting sequences present in many copies per genome. However these methods are time-consuming and have potential drawbacks. High throughput 454 sequencing provides an alternative method by which much information can be gained quickly and cheaply from high-coverage surveys of genomic DNA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We sequenced 78 million base-pairs of randomly sheared soybean DNA which passed our quality criteria. Computational analysis of the survey sequences provided global information on the abundant repetitive sequences in soybean. The sequence was used to determine the copy number across regions of large genomic clones or contigs and discover higher-order structures within satellite repeats. We have created an annotated, online database of sequences present in multiple copies in the soybean genome. The low bias of pyrosequencing against repeat sequences is demonstrated by the overall composition of the survey data, which matches well with past estimates of repetitive DNA content obtained by DNA re-association kinetics (Cot analysis).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This approach provides a potential aid to conventional or shotgun genome assembly, by allowing rapid assessment of copy number in any clone or clone-end sequence. In addition, we show that partial sequencing can provide access to partial protein-coding sequences.</p

Mizoribin as a inhibitor for leukocyte immunoglobulin receptor sub family A member3

The Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (LILRs) are a family of receptors that was broadly expressed on all leukocytes and have the ability to regulate their function. The increased levels of human LILRA3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients leads to stroke. In quest of designing novel inhibitors against LILRA3 an accurate homology model for the protein was based on crystal structures of 1GOX and 3P2T using Modeller 9V9. The use of multiple templates for structure prediction led us to propose a structure comprising all 439 amino acids of human LILRA3 for the first time. The best model was selected based on GA341 and DOPE score and further assessed through ProSA and PROCHECK. The validated structure was subjected to CASTp analysis ligand binding site determination. N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) that has binding affinity towards human LILRA3 was searched for structural analogs from Ligan.Info database. The structural analogs were docked with LILRA3 using Glide v5.7 to propose 17 potential inhibitors with better binding affinity compared to NAG (-7.13 Kcal/mol). Analysis of LILRA3-Lead1 (mizoribin) docking showed best XPGscore of -10.70 Kcal/mol with four hydrogen bonds with Thr425, Glu360, Ser433,Val419. The binding orientations of mizoribin correlated well with NAG binding orientations. Therefore, mizoribin would be encouraging for stroke treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients

ANALISIS FINANSIAL ALAT TANGKAP SOMA GIOP DI KAMPUNG KENDAHE I KECAMATAN KENDAHE

Tingkat pemanfaatan teknologi penangkapan ikan yang digunakan oleh nelayan di Kampung Kendahe I, Kecamatan Kendahe terbilang cukup beragam, mulai dari pancing tradisional tanpa menggunakan alat bantu perahu, sampai dengan jaring yang menggunakan perahu penangkap bermesin. Salah satu alat tangkap yang digunakan oleh nelayan di kampung Kendahe I adalah jaring penangkap ikan yang disebut oleh nelayan sebagai Soma Giop. Alat tangkap ini termasuk dalam klasifikasi jaring lingkar. Potensi alat tangkap ikan ini seharusnya masih bisa terus dikembangkan dengan mengevaluasi tingkat efisiensi penggunaannya. Salah satu cara yang bisa digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan alat tangkap ikan ini adalah dengan menganalisa tingkat efisiensi finansial usaha perikanan tangkap soma giop ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa usaha ini dapat dilaksanakan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil akhir dari analisis seperti, nilai Gross B/C sebesar 1.057 (lebih besar (&gt;) dari 1), nilai Net B/C sebesar 2.636 (lebih besar (&gt;) dari 1), nilai NPV selama 5 tahun yaitu Rp 65,896,916, nilai IRR sebesar 66% (lebih besar dari suku bunga), waktu Payback Period selama hanya 2 tahun 4 bulan, serta nilai Break Event Point yang memenuhi kategori usaha yang layak untuk dilakukan. &nbsp; The level of utilization of fishing technology used by fishermen in Kampung Kendahe I, Kendahe District is quite diverse, ranging from traditional fishing without using boat aids to nets that uses motorized fishing boats. One of the fishing gears used by fishermen in Kendahe I village is a fishing net called Soma Giop, the name of the net given by fishermen. This fishing gear is included in the circle net classification. The potential of this fishing gear should be able to continue to be developed by evaluating the level of efficiency of its use. One way that can be used to optimize the use of this fishing gear is to analyze the level of financial efficiency of the Soma Giop fishing business. The results of this study indicate that this effort can be implemented. This can be seen from the final results of the analysis such as: gross B / C value of 1,057 (greater (&gt;) than 1), Net B / C value of 2,636 (greater (&gt;) than 1), NPV value for 5 years namely Rp. 65,896,916, IRR value of 66% (greater than the interest rate), Payback Period for only 2 years and 4 months, as well as the Break Event Point value that meets the business category that is feasible to do

PANCING SASAHAMIA BAGI NELAYAN PENANGKAP IKAN DI PULAU BEBALANG KECAMATAN MANGANITU SELATANKABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE

Pulau Bebalang termasuk dalam wilayah Kecamatan Manganitu Selatan Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe. Pulau Bebalang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan khususnya potensi ikan karang karena banyak terdapat terumbu karang yang merupakan habitat dari berbagai jenis ikan karang atau demersal. Ada dua spesies ikan demersal yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi dipasaran yaitu ikan kurisi yang dikenal oleh masyarakat di Sangihe dikenal dengan nama sahamia dan bembu yang dalam bahasa latinnya dinamakan Etelis carbunculus dan Pristipomoides typus. Alat tangkap yang digunakan untuk menangkap ikan sahamia dan ikan bembu yaitu pancing (handline) yang oleh masyarakat Pulau Bebalang dan sekitarnya dinamakan Sasahamia sesuai dengan nama ikan yang menjadi tujuan penangkapan dari alat tangkap ini. Namun demikian terbatasnya sarana alat tangkap pancing sahamia yang digunakan dan sarana pendukung lainnya berupa tempat penampungan sementara hasil tangkapan ikan diatas perahu, menjadikan pendapatan nelayan dari hasil tangkapan tidak maksimal dan kualitas ikan yang ditangkap tidak bertahan lama dan cepat membusuk dikarenakan tidak memiliki tempat penampung ikan diatas perahu yang memadai. Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ada di Mitra maka solusi yang ditawarkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan pada nelayan di Pulau Bebalang ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Introduksi penerapan ketrampilan teknik pembuatan alat tangkap ikan yang ramah lingkungan; 2) Penerapan metode/teknik penanganan ikan diatas perahu penangkap ikan; 3) Penyuluhan tentang pentingnya mempertahankan kesegaran ikan hasil tangkapan nelayan sebagai produk yang bisa dijual dengan harga tinggi untuk meningkatkan ekonomi keluarga nelayan penangkap ikan. Bebalang Island is included in the South Manganitu District, Sangihe Islands Regency. Bebalang Island has the potential to be developed, especially the potential of reef fish because there are many coral reefs which are the habitat of various types of reef fish or demersal. There are two species of demersal fish that have a high selling value in the market, namely Kurisi fish which is known by the people in Sangihe known as Sahamia and Bembu which in Latin is called Etelis carbunculus and Pristipomoides typus. The fishing gear used to catch Sahamia and Bembu fish is a fishing line (handline) which the people of Bebalang Island and its surroundings call Sasahamia according to the name of the fish that is the purpose of catching this fishing gear. However, the limited means of fishing gear used for fishing rods and other supporting facilities in the form of temporary shelters for fish caught on boats, makes fishermen's income from the catch not maximized and the quality of the fish caught does not last long and rots quickly due to not having a fish holder above. adequate boat. Based on the problems that exist in Partners, the solutions offered to overcome the problems for fishermen on Bebalang Island are as follows: 1) Introduction of the application of skills in making environmentally friendly fishing gear; 2) Application of methods/techniques for handling fish on fishing boats; 3) Counseling on the importance of maintaining the freshness of fish caught by fishermen as a product that can be sold at high prices to improve the economy of fishing families

Removal of thorium and zirconium from aqueous streams by biosorption

Thorium and zirconium are the most stable radionuclides used in various nuclear operations, and the separation of these from aqueous industrial streams is essential. The conventional technologies followed for the treatment of high concentrate nuclear discharges containing these radionuclides are the precipitation, electro precipitation, electro coagulation, cementing, membrane separation, solvent extraction, ion-exchange resins, oxidation&amp;ndash;reduction, adsorption, reverse osmosis, and evaporative recovery, etc. However, afore mentioned treatment methods have certain disadvantages like the high cost of implementation and operation, especially for the concentrations below 100 ppm. Hence, the necessity to invent new treatment technologies with acceptable costs is compulsory for the treatment of low concentrate radioactive wastes. One of the promising alternatives is the application of biosorption process that utilizes biomass or bio-based materials as sorbents in the waste water treatment as a pollution control process for most of the industrial discharge. The advantages of biosorption over the conventional methods are low operating cost, selectivity for specific metal, short operational time and no chemical sludge. Biosorption entails the use of living or dead biomass and their derivatives with the involvement of either ligands or functional groups (situated on the outer surface of the biomass) in the mechanism of sorption. This treatment method is based on utilizing the ability of biological materials to accumulate metal ions from liquid wastes either by metabolically mediated or physicochemical pathways. In the present research, an attempt has been made to explore the potentiality regarding adsorption characteristics of a new agro-industrial by-product namely, de-oiled Karanja seed cake for the removal and recovery of radionuclide metal ions (Th and Zr) from aqueous solutions via biosorption method. The relevant process conditions for the sorption of these metal ions (pH, sorbent mass, ionic concentration, and temperature) were studied. Furthermore, adsorption isotherm and kinetic sorption modeling, thermodynamics were investigated to determine the probable physical characteristics of the biosorption process. Also, the bound metal ions (Th and Zr) were isolated from the loaded biomass adapting desorption technique using elution agents since biosorption will be more attractive if loaded biomass can be regenerated for reuse in multiple sorption cycles. The biosorption and desorption studies were carried out in batch mode, and the process variables were optimized for the maximum biosorption/desorption efficiency through DOE concepts like Taguchi OA and RSM. The property of new biomass was investigated using characterization techniques like SEM, FTIR, EDX, pHpzc and physicochemical properties. Deoiled Karanja seed cake has shown good potentiality regarding biosorption capacity in the removal of thorium and zirconium from aqueous streams, and obtained high Kd values when compared to commercially available adsorbents, implying an important feature of DKSC to treat large volumes of low concentration metal wastes. The thorium equilibrium biosorption data fitted very well to the Langmuir isotherm model, whereas the zirconium biosorption data fitted the best with Freundlich model representing the mono-layer sorption and complex heterogeneity of the biomass respectively at optimum conditions. The sorption kinetic data followed pseudo-second order model conveying the chemisorption mechanism by the probable involvement of hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, and nitro molecular groups. The desorption results revealed that Th ions could be eluted using 0.1M HCl and 0.1M NaHCO3 can be used for eluting Zr ions from the loaded biomass respectively. It was also proved that desorption kinetics follows pseudo-second order model for both thorium and zirconium at optimal conditions. Also, the regenerated DKSC was found to possess similar properties as of native DKSC. Hence, the research work conveys that proposed biosorption/desorption method using DKSC (new low-cost bi-sorbent) is most cost-effective and efficient treatment method that is suitable for the effluent treatment of nuclear and hydrometallurgical industries. Thus, DKSC could be effectively used as a natural and economic biosorbent for the separation of Th and Zr ions from contaminated sites

Laju Sedimentasi di Perairan Kampung Salurang Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe

Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe merupakan bagian integral dari Propinsi Sulawesi Utara dengan Ibukota Tahuna. Berjarak sekitar 142 Mil Laut dari Ibukota Propinsi Sulawesi Utara, Manado, terletak antara 20 4’13" – 40 44’ 22" Lintang Utara dan 1250 9’ 28" – 1250 56’ 57" Bujur Timur, berada diantara Pulau Sulawesi dan Mindanao (Republik Philipina), sehingga Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe dapat dikategorikan “Daerah Perbatasan”. Kondisi geografis wilayah pesisir memiliki sumberdaya alam yang cukup melimpah dan unik, walaupun demikian sangat rentan terhadap berbagai masalah kerusakan lingkungan perairan terutama oleh aktivitas masyarakat yang mendiami serta memanfaatkan kawasan land base. Sedimentasiadalah peristiwa pengendapan material batuan yang telah diangkut oleh tenaga air atau angin. Permasalahan yang terjadi di Kampung Salurang adalah terjadinya sedimentasi yang cukup tinggi. Perangkap sedimen yang dipasang terdiri atas besi 6 m, pipa PVC 2" dengan panjang 11,5 cm, penutup Pipa PVC 2", dan tali pengikat untuk perangkap. Alat ini dipasang pada 2 tempat yaitu Stasiun 1 di dekat muara dan Stasiun 2terletak agak jauh dari muara. Pengamatan dilakukan seminggu sekali. Laju sedimentasi pada Stasiun 1 berkisar antara 0,069 – 0,648 m3/tahun dengan rata-rata laju sedimentasi 0,27 m3/tahun. Laju sedimentasi pada Stasiun 2 berkisar antara 0,08 – 0,23 m3/tahun dengan rata-rata 0,14 m3/tahun. Laju sedimentasi yang tinggi di Kampung Salurang adalah di dekat muara sungai yaitu pada Stasiun 1

Modeling of horizontal drilling

While majority of today’s oil wells employ directional drilling technology (deviated, extended reach and horizontal wells), a thorough understanding of the drill string dynamics is necessary to increase the drilling efficiency. Wellbore in such wells spans long horizontal distances through the shale to extract oil and natural gas effectively. Very long slender drill pipes transmit the required torque and cutting force through miles of distance from the earth’s surface to the drill bit. Drill string is subjected to different loads and torques which can cause coupled random excitations and failure of its components (drill pipes, bit, sensor tools and wellbore) eventually. If left unnoticed, these vibrations can cause stuck pipe and reduced rate of penetration, both of which are heavily cost dependent. Identifying the conditions causing harmful vibrations hence would significantly reduce cost and time. Controlling the drill string and bottom hole assembly is one way of mitigating the dynamic instability, which is currently done by means of controlling the rotational speed, torque applied and axial force applied to the drill string. This article presents modeling of horizontal drilling and the comparison of horizontal and vertical drill string dynamics. Drill string components are discretized into lumped elements based on their curvature. A vertical wellbore structure with same drill string components is considered for comparison. The computations are performed in MATLAB. Results and discussions are presented in the later part of the report.Mechanical Engineerin