Expression of the Ladybird-like homeobox 2 transcription factor in the developing mouse testis and epididymis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Homeoproteins are a class of transcription factors that are well-known regulators of organogenesis and cell differentiation in numerous tissues, including the male reproductive system. Indeed, a handful of homeoproteins have so far been identified in the testis and epididymis where a few were shown to play important developmental roles. Through a degenerate PCR approach aimed at identifying novel homeoproteins expressed in the male reproductive system, we have detected several homeoproteins most of which had never been described before in this tissue. One of these homeoproteins is Ladybird-like homeobox 2 (Lbx2), a homeobox factor mostly known to be expressed in the nervous system.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To better define the expression profile of Lbx2 in the male reproductive system, we have performed <it>in situ </it>hybridization throughout testicular and epididymal development and into adulthood. Lbx2 expression was also confirmed by real time RT-PCR in those tissues and in several testicular and epididymal cell lines. In the epididymis, a highly segmented tissue, Lbx2 shows a regionalized expression profile, being more expressed in proximal segments of the caput epididymis than any other segment. In the testis, we found that Lbx2 is constitutively expressed at high levels in Sertoli cells. In interstitial cells, Lbx2 is weakly expressed during fetal and early postnatal life, highly expressed around P32-P36, and absent in adult animals. Finally, Lbx2 can also be detected in a population of germ cells in adults.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Altogether, our data suggest that the homeoprotein Lbx2 might be involved in the regulation of male reproductive system development and cell differentiation as well as in male epididymal segmentation.</p

Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveDisturbances in the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis could lead to functional alterations in the brain of diabetes patients. In a later perspective of investigating the link between the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the developing brain in children with diabetes, we assessed here nocturnal cortisol metabolism in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsPrepubertal patients (aged 6–12 years) diagnosed with T1DM at least 1 year previously were recruited, along with matched controls. Nocturnal urine samples were collected, with saliva samples taken at awakening and 30 minutes after awakening. All samples were collected at home over 5 consecutive days with no detectable nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait scale only) and Child Depression Inventory were also completed. Glucocorticoid metabolites in the urine, salivary cortisol (sF) and cortisone (sE) were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic data were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, BMI and trait anxiety score.ResultsUrine glucocorticoid metabolites were significantly lower in T1DM patients compared to controls. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity was significantly higher, while 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 5(α+β)-reductase and 5α-reductase levels were all lower, in T1DM patients compared to controls. There was a significant group difference in delta sE level but not in delta sF level between the time of awakening and 30 minutes thereafter.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism and morning HPA axis hyperactivity in children with T1DM leads to greater cortisol bioavailability and lower cortisol production as a compensatory effect. This altered nocturnal glucocorticoid metabolism when cortisol production is physiologically reduced and this HPA axis hyperactivity question their impact on brain functioning

Étude de l'expression des homéoprotéines LBX2 et PBX1 dans le système reproducteur

Les homéoprotéines sont des régulateurs transcriptionnels impliqués dans le développement, l'embryogenèse et la différenciation cellulaire chez plusieurs espèces. Les homéoprotéines sont les produits des homéogènes et elles sont exprimées dans une pléiade de tissus au cours du développement. Dans le but d'approfondir nos connaissances sur les contrôles transcriptionnels qui régissent le développement et la différenciation des organes reproducteurs, je me suis intéressée à l'expression des homéoprotéines dans les cellules de Leydig dû à l'importance de ces facteurs dans les processus développementaux. Nous avons nouvellement identifiés dans les cellules de Leydig, le gène Lbx2 et l'homéoprotéine PBX1. Il n'existe actuellement pas de données sur l'expression de ces gènes au cours de la différenciation du système reproducteur et ce faisant des cellules de Leydig. Cette thèse présente donc l'expression de Lbx2 et PBX1 au cours de la différenciation du système reproducteur dans le testicule, l'épididyme, l'ovaire et les cellules de Leydig. J'ai précisé le profil d'expression du gène Lbx2 au cours du développement testiculaire, épididymaire et ovarien. J'ai déterminé que les transcrits de Lbx2 sont présents durant le développement du testicule, de l'épididyme et de l'ovaire. De plus, mes analyses révèlent également que Lbx2 est un gène dont l'expression est sexuellement dimorphique dans les gonades embryonnaires. L'élaboration du profil d'expression de la protéine PBX1 révèle qu'elle est présente au cours du développement testiculaire et durant la vie adulte. Dans les cellules de Leydig, mes résultats démontrent que PBX1 est principalement exprimée à la puberté. L'expression de PBX1 est plus forte dans les cellules de Sertoli chez l'adulte et dans les cellules myoïdes péritubulaires au cours du développement embryonnaire et postnatal. Les travaux présents dans cette thèse auront également permis d'identifier d'autres nouvelles homéoprotéines, PRRX2, GBX1, MEIS1, PREP1 exprimées dans les organes reproducteurs. Ainsi, la caractérisation du profil d'expression des homéoprotéines au cours du développement du système reproducteur aura permis d'identifier de potentiels régulateurs transcriptionnels du développement et de la différenciation du système reproducteur

Dynamic Expression of the Homeobox Factor PBX1 during Mouse Testis Development

Members of the pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor (PBX) family of homeoproteins are mainly known for their involvement in hematopoietic cell differentiation and in the development of leukemia. The four PBX proteins, PBX1, PBX2, PBX3 and PBX4, belong to the three amino acid loop extension (TALE) superfamily of homeoproteins which are important transcriptional cofactors in several developmental processes involving homeobox (HOX) factors. Mutations in the human PBX1 gene are responsible for cases of gonadal dysgenesis with absence of male sex differentiation while Pbx1 inactivation in the mouse causes a failure in Leydig cell differentiation and function. However, no data is available regarding the expression profile of this transcription factor in the testis. To fill this knowledge gap, we have characterized PBX1 expression during mouse testicular development. Real time PCRs and Western blots confirmed the presence Pbx1 mRNA and PBX1 protein in different Leydig and Sertoli cell lines. The cellular localization of the PBX1 protein was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on mouse testis sections at different embryonic and postnatal developmental stages. PBX1 was detected in interstitial cells and in peritubular myoid cells from embryonic life until puberty. Most interstitial cells expressing PBX1 do not express the Leydig cell marker CYP17A1, indicating that they are not differentiated and steroidogenically active Leydig cells. In adults, PBX1 was mainly detected in Sertoli cells. The presence of PBX1 in different somatic cell populations during testicular development further supports a direct role for this transcription factor in testis cell differentiation and in male reproductive function

Dynamic Expression of the Homeobox Factor PBX1 during Mouse Testis Development

Members of the pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor (PBX) family of homeoproteins are mainly known for their involvement in hematopoietic cell differentiation and in the development of leukemia. The four PBX proteins, PBX1, PBX2, PBX3 and PBX4, belong to the three amino acid loop extension (TALE) superfamily of homeoproteins which are important transcriptional cofactors in several developmental processes involving homeobox (HOX) factors. Mutations in the human PBX1 gene are responsible for cases of gonadal dysgenesis with absence of male sex differentiation while Pbx1 inactivation in the mouse causes a failure in Leydig cell differentiation and function. However, no data is available regarding the expression profile of this transcription factor in the testis. To fill this knowledge gap, we have characterized PBX1 expression during mouse testicular development. Real time PCRs and Western blots confirmed the presence Pbx1 mRNA and PBX1 protein in different Leydig and Sertoli cell lines. The cellular localization of the PBX1 protein was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on mouse testis sections at different embryonic and postnatal developmental stages. PBX1 was detected in interstitial cells and in peritubular myoid cells from embryonic life until puberty. Most interstitial cells expressing PBX1 do not express the Leydig cell marker CYP17A1, indicating that they are not differentiated and steroidogenically active Leydig cells. In adults, PBX1 was mainly detected in Sertoli cells. The presence of PBX1 in different somatic cell populations during testicular development further supports a direct role for this transcription factor in testis cell differentiation and in male reproductive function

Association between hypothalamus–pituitary adrenal axis activity and anxiety in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes

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MitoCeption as a new tool to assess the effects of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell mitochondria on cancer cell metabolism and function

International audienc

UVB-induced DHODH upregulation, which is driven by STAT3, is a promising target for chemoprevention and combination therapy of photocarcinogenesis

International audienc

Livrable 1.4 projet DYMOA - Diagnostic d'infrastructures et dynamique du véhicule pour les Motos et les Autos

Les objectifs poursuivis par le projet DYMOA étaient: De développer de nouvelles méthodes de diagnostic des infrastructures routières et de leur usage par des conducteurs de 2RM (Deux-Roues Motorisés) et de VL à l'aide d'EDR (Enregistreurs de Données de la Route), basées notamment sur l'analyse des incidents. De produire de la connaissance sur l'utilisation réelle d'un 2RM, en distinguant : les interactions avec l'infrastructure, l'utilisation des capacités dynamiques des 2RM, notamment les vitesses pratiquées et les comparaisons véhicule légers / 2RM. De mettre en oeuvre une méthodologie de recueil (EDR de type smartphone, constitution de bases de données) et d'exploitation de données (outils cartographiques) en conformité avec les droits des conducteurs concernés (protection des données à caractère personnel