Global Development and its Environmental Ramifications - the Interlinking of Ecologically Sustainable Development and Itellectual Property Rights

This Comment will examine the necessity of preserving biodiversity in general, and the specific influence of International Environmental Law (IEL) and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on preserving the earth\u27s biodiversity. Additionally, this Comment focuses on the numerous problems arising from the rapid destruction of biodiversity and how application of IPR may abate these problems. Part II discusses the evolution of IEL, including the chronological development of global environmentalism and the need for further ecologically sustainable development. Part III reviews two recent treaties that provided a forum for discussing the connection between the preservation of biodiversity and IPR: the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development\u27s (UNCED) Convention on Biological Diversity and the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Part IV focuses on the ongoing debate between developed and developing nations regarding the sovereignty of biological resources, IPR and the preservation of biodiversity. Finally, Part V discusses future actions and recommendations to harmonize the approaches of developed and developing nations. This Comment cites examples of ongoing actions by various organizations towards resolving the differences between the Biodiversity Convention and the TRIPS Agreement

Global Development and its Environmental Ramifications - the Interlinking of Ecologically Sustainable Development and Itellectual Property Rights

This Comment will examine the necessity of preserving biodiversity in general, and the specific influence of International Environmental Law (IEL) and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on preserving the earth\u27s biodiversity. Additionally, this Comment focuses on the numerous problems arising from the rapid destruction of biodiversity and how application of IPR may abate these problems. Part II discusses the evolution of IEL, including the chronological development of global environmentalism and the need for further ecologically sustainable development. Part III reviews two recent treaties that provided a forum for discussing the connection between the preservation of biodiversity and IPR: the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development\u27s (UNCED) Convention on Biological Diversity and the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Part IV focuses on the ongoing debate between developed and developing nations regarding the sovereignty of biological resources, IPR and the preservation of biodiversity. Finally, Part V discusses future actions and recommendations to harmonize the approaches of developed and developing nations. This Comment cites examples of ongoing actions by various organizations towards resolving the differences between the Biodiversity Convention and the TRIPS Agreement

Microemulsion-Based Vaginal Gel of Clotrimazole: Formulation, In Vitro Evaluation, and Stability Studies

The objective of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate microemulsion-based gel for the vaginal delivery of clotrimazole (CMZ). The solubility of CMZ in oils and surfactants was evaluated to identify components of the microemulsion. The ternary diagram was plotted to identify the area of microemulsion existence. Various gelling agents were evaluated for their potential to gel the CMZ microemulsion without affecting its structure. The bioadhesive potential and antifungal activity of the CMZ microemulsion-based gel (CMZ-MBG) was determined in comparison to the marketed clotrimazole gel (Candid-V® gel) by in vitro methods. The chemical stability of CMZ in CMZ-MBG was determined as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The CMZ microemulsion exhibited globule size of 48.4 nm and polydispersity index of 0.75. Carbopol® ETD 2020 could successfully gel the CMZ microemulsion without disturbing the structure. The CMZ-MBG showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) in vitro bioadhesion and antifungal activity as compared to that of Candid-V® gel. The stability studies indicated that CMZ undergoes acidic pH-catalyzed degradation at all the storage conditions at the end of 3 months

Formulation Development of Parenteral Phospholipid-based Microemulsion of Etoposide

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of a phospholipid-based microemulsion formulation for parenteral delivery of anticancer drug, etoposide. The microemulsion area was identified by constructing pseudoternary phase diagrams. The prepared microemulsions were subjected to different thermodynamic stability tests. The microemulsion formulations that passed thermodynamic stability tests were characterized for optical birefringence, droplet size, viscosity measurement, and pH measurements. To assess the safety of the formulations for parenteral delivery, the formulation was subjected to compatibility studies with various intravenous infusions and in vitro erythrocyte toxicity study. The developed formulation was found to be robust and safe for parenteral delivery

SMEDDS of Glyburide: Formulation, In Vitro Evaluation, and Stability Studies

The objective of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for improving the delivery of a BCS class II antidiabetic agent, glyburide (GLY). The solubility of GLY in oils, cosurfactants, and surfactants was evaluated to identify the components of the microemulsion. The ternary diagram was plotted to identify the area of microemulsion existence. The in vitro dissolution profile of GLY SMEDDS was evaluated in comparison to the marketed GLY tablet and pure drug in pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 buffers. The chemical stability of GLY in SMEDDS was determined as per the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. The area of microemulsion existence increased with the increase in the cosurfactant (Transcutol P) concentration. The GLY microemulsion exhibited globule size of 133.5 nm and polydispersity index of 0.94. The stability studies indicated that GLY undergoes significant degradation in the developed SMEDDS. This observation was totally unexpected and has been noticed for the first time. Further investigations indicated that the rate of GLY degradation was highest in Transcutol P

Development and Evaluation of Lorazepam Microemulsions for Parenteral Delivery

The objective of this investigation was to develop lorazepam (LZM) microemulsions as an alternative to the conventional cosolvent based formulation. Solubility of LZM in various oils and Tween 80 was determined. The ternary diagram was plotted to identify area of microemulsion existence and a suitable composition was identified to achieve desired LZM concentration. The LZM microemulsions were evaluated for compatibility with parenteral fluids, globule size, in vitro hemolysis and stability of LZM. Capmul MCM demonstrated highest solubilizing potential for LZM and was used as an oily phase. LZM microemulsions were compatible with parenteral dilution fluids and exhibited mean globule size less than 200 nm. The in vitro hemolysis studies indicated that microemulsions were well tolerated by erythrocytes. The LZM microemulsions containing amino acids exhibited good physical and chemical stability when subjected to refrigeration for 6 months