Governance of open spatial data infrastructures in Europe

This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 706999.OLD Geo-information and Land Developmen

Exploring the Emergence of Open Spatial Data Infrastructures: Analysis of Recent Developments and Trends in Europe

In the past 20 years, European public authorities have invested considerable resources in the development of spatial data infrastructures. With the European INSPIRE Directive as an important driver, national spatial data infrastructures were developed throughout Europe to facilitate and coordinate the exchange and sharing of geographic data. While the original focus of these spatial data infrastructure was mainly on data sharing among public authorities, it became more and more evident that these data could also be of great value to users outside the public sector. In recent years, several countries and public administrations started to make a shift towards the establishment of an ‘open’ spatial data infrastructure, in which also businesses, citizens and non- governmental actors were considered as key stakeholders of the infrastructure. This chapter provides an analysis of the measures and solutions implemented in four European countries (the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Finland) to make their spatial data infrastructures open to businesses, citizens and other stakeholders. The analysis shows that in these four countries the move towards more open spatial data infrastructures can mainly be seen in the increased availability of geographic data and spatially enabled services to citizens, businesses and other stakeholders.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public. This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 706999.OLD Geo-information and Land Developmen

SDI Research and Strategies towards 2030: Renewing the SDI Research Agenda: Workshop Report

In the past 30 years, public administrations in Europe and worldwide have invested considerable resources in the development and implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) for promoting, facilitating and coordinating the exchange and sharing of geographic data. SDI research has been an important driver and enabler for SDI development and implementation. Researchers across the world have been exploring various issues around the development and implementation of SDIs. While over the last decade SDIs significantly matured, new research challenges emerged and new researchers and research disciplines entered the domain of SDI research. There is, however, a risk of SDI research becoming more fragmented into separate – disciplinary, organizational and geographic – silos, due to a lack of initiatives enabling and facilitating collaboration and exchange of knowledge and experiences among SDI researchers. The ‘SDI Research and Strategies towards 2030’ workshop wanted to build further and continue the work done in past initiatives to promote knowledge sharing and collaboration among SDI researchers. In 2009 and 2010 two SDI research workshops were held at the GSDI Conferences in Rotterdam (the Netherlands) and Singapore, allowing especially early stage researchers in the domain of SDI to present their ongoing research and exchange views and ideas on new research challenges. One of the last attempts to develop an SDI research agenda already dates from 2005, when Bernard et al. drafted their proposal for an SDI research agenda, identifying several key research issues raised by the transition from GIS to SDIs. The ‘SDI Research and Strategies towards 2030’ workshop aimed to initiate the definition of a renewed Spatial Data Infrastructure Research Agenda. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions held during the workshop. This workshop report was partly prepared under the project ‘Effective Governance of Open Spatial Data’ (E-GOS). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 706999.OLD Geo-information and Land Developmen

Governance and performance of open spatial data policies in Europe: What can we learn from the INSPIRE Reporting Process?

Many European countries are setting up initiatives and taking actions to make their data ‘open’, i.e. to make their data freely available for use and re-use without restrictions. The Digital Agenda for Europe, the first of seven flagships initiatives under Europe 2020, encourages governments to stimulate content markets by making public sector information available in a transparent and effective manner. It is hoped that the greater availability of interoperable public data will catalyse the secondary use of such data, leading to the growth of information industries and better government transparency. A large part of governmental data can be considered as spatial data, i.e. data that refer to a location on the earth. Typical examples of spatial data are topographical maps, address data, road data, and hydrographical data. Spatial data are becoming increasingly important in society, as most of the societal, environmental and economic challenges that governments, businesses and citizens are facing, require spatial understanding and insight.OLD Geo-information and Land Developmen

Towards a Map of Open SDI/INSPIRE: Workshop Report

In the search for the ideal spatial data infrastructure a common ground has been established for the development of open spatial data infrastructures. Starting from confidential, highly restricted data with use limited to particular public sector users, SDIs across Europe have developed towards a wider focus, civil society oriented infrastructure enabling a multitude of users to access, share, use and re-use datasets and services from a wide variety of domains both nationally and internationally. Especially in recent years, several countries and public administrations started to make a shift towards the establishment of an open spatial data infrastructures (SDIs), in which also businesses, citizens and non-governmental actors were considered as key stake-holders of the infrastructure. In this workshop, the concept of Open SDI/INSPIRE was introduced to describe characterize the development and implementation of more open spatial data infrastructures. During the workshop a first prototype of the ‘Map of Open SDI in Europe’ was presented, showing the results of a first exploration of the openness of NSDI/INSPIRE implementation in Europe. The ‘Map of Open SDI in Europe’, a project of the Knowledge Centre Open Data of Delft University of Technology, is developed to provide SDI decision makers, practitioners and researchers with a more comprehensive understanding of the openness of spatial data infrastructures in Europe. The Map covers three key dimensions of Open SDIs: the readiness, the data availability and accessibility, the use of spatial data and the associated benefits. The map provides an overview of the actions and initiatives taken in different Member States to open their SDI to stakeholders outside the public sector. A workshop was organised at the INSPIRE Conference 2017 to demonstrate the map to the public and get input on how to further it improve it. During the workshop, several brainstorm sessions were organized on each of the key dimensions of Open SDIs. The main aim of these brainstorm sessions was to collect ideas on how to measure and assess each of the four dimensions and explore good practices that could be added to the Map. This report provides a summary of the workshop and the main results. This workshop report was prepared under the project ‘Effective Governance of Open Spatial Data’ (E-GOS). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 706999.OLD Geo-information and Land Developmen

Open Data Exposed

This book is about open data, i.e. data that does not have any barriers in the (re)use. Open data aims to optimize access, sharing and using data from a technical, legal, financial, and intellectual perspective. Data increasingly determines the way people live their lives today. Nowadays, we cannot imagine a life without real-time traffic information about our route to work, information of the daily news or information about the local weather. At the same time, citizens themselves now are constantly generating and sharing data and information via many different devices and social media systems. Especially for governments, collection, management, exchange, and use of data and information have always been key tasks, since data is both the primary input to and output of government activities. Also for businesses, non-profit organizations, researchers and various other actors, data and information are essential

AMS E-GOS Governance modellen van open data bij gemeenten en de performantie van open data: AMS E-GOS Local Deliverable D4.2

Onderzoek AMS E-GOS Local Governance modellen van open data bij gemeenten en de performatie van open data.In 2017 is het Kenniscentrum Open Data begonnen met het project ‘Effective Governance of Open Spatial data’ (E-GOS) Local. Het E-GOS Local onderzoeksproject was een uitbreiding op het E-GOS-project uitgevoerd door Dr. Glenn Vancauwenberghe. Waar het E-GOS project zich richtte op de ver-gelijking van governance modellen voor open data beleid tussen landen, richtte het E-GOS Local zich op de vergelijking van governance modellen voor open geodata beleid tussen gemeenten. In dit on-derzoek is de link tussen de ingezette governance instrumenten voor open data beleid bij gemeenten met de performantie van dat open data beleid in kaart gebracht. Het governance model van het open data beleid van de gemeente Amsterdam is geanalyseerd. Aspecten die hierbij in beschouwing zijn genomen, zijn of aan alle governance componenten voor open data beleid voldaan wordt, welke in-strumenten worden toegepast en wat de impact is van het beleid op de performantie van open (geo)data. Daarnaast is een vergelijkend onderzoek uitgevoerd in Den Haag, Eindhoven, Rotterdam en Utrecht om een beeld te krijgen welke governance modellen voor open data beleid in andere ge-meenten gehanteerd worden, en welke effecten die op de performantie van open data hebben

Exploring the Emergence of Open Spatial Data Infrastructures: Analysis of Recent Developments and Trends in Europe

In the past 20 years, European public authorities have invested considerable resources in the development of spatial data infrastructures. With the European INSPIRE Directive as an important driver, national spatial data infrastructures were developed throughout Europe to facilitate and coordinate the exchange and sharing of geographic data. While the original focus of these spatial data infrastructure was mainly on data sharing among public authorities, it became more and more evident that these data could also be of great value to users outside the public sector. In recent years, several countries and public administrations started to make a shift towards the establishment of an ‘open’ spatial data infrastructure, in which also businesses, citizens and non- governmental actors were considered as key stakeholders of the infrastructure. This chapter provides an analysis of the measures and solutions implemented in four European countries (the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Finland) to make their spatial data infrastructures open to businesses, citizens and other stakeholders. The analysis shows that in these four countries the move towards more open spatial data infrastructures can mainly be seen in the increased availability of geographic data and spatially enabled services to citizens, businesses and other stakeholders

AMS E-GOS Governance modellen van open data bij gemeenten en de performantie van open data: AMS E-GOS Local Deliverable D4.2

Onderzoek AMS E-GOS Local Governance modellen van open data bij gemeenten en de performatie van open data.In 2017 is het Kenniscentrum Open Data begonnen met het project ‘Effective Governance of Open Spatial data’ (E-GOS) Local. Het E-GOS Local onderzoeksproject was een uitbreiding op het E-GOS-project uitgevoerd door Dr. Glenn Vancauwenberghe. Waar het E-GOS project zich richtte op de ver-gelijking van governance modellen voor open data beleid tussen landen, richtte het E-GOS Local zich op de vergelijking van governance modellen voor open geodata beleid tussen gemeenten. In dit on-derzoek is de link tussen de ingezette governance instrumenten voor open data beleid bij gemeenten met de performantie van dat open data beleid in kaart gebracht. Het governance model van het open data beleid van de gemeente Amsterdam is geanalyseerd. Aspecten die hierbij in beschouwing zijn genomen, zijn of aan alle governance componenten voor open data beleid voldaan wordt, welke in-strumenten worden toegepast en wat de impact is van het beleid op de performantie van open (geo)data. Daarnaast is een vergelijkend onderzoek uitgevoerd in Den Haag, Eindhoven, Rotterdam en Utrecht om een beeld te krijgen welke governance modellen voor open data beleid in andere ge-meenten gehanteerd worden, en welke effecten die op de performantie van open data hebben.OLD Geo-information and Land Developmen

Governance of national spatial data infrastructures in Europe

The effective development and implementation of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) requires governance in order to avoid gaps, duplications, contradictions and missed opportunities in the implementation of different SDI components. Therefore, appropriate governance instruments should be established to coordinate the activities and contributions of different stakeholders. This article reviews the governance of national SDIs in Europe before, during and after the adoption of the European INSPIRE Directive, which aimed to establish an infrastructure for spatial information in the European community building on Member States national SDIs. The analysis is based on a governance instruments approach as introduced by public administration researchers to analyse coordination and governance in the public sector (as SDIs are still mainly governed by public authorities). Evidence was found for the adoption and use of each of the six sets of governance instruments in the governance of national SDIs in Europe: collective decisionmaking structures, strategic management, allocation of tasks and responsibilities, creation of markets, inter-organizational culture and knowledge management, and regulation and formalization of the infrastructure. This study also demonstrates how an instruments-based approach can be a useful tool for analysing governance in the context of SDIs and can contribute to a structured way of understanding the mechanics of SDI governance