Análisis del proyecto de Ley Orgánica del Colegio de profesionales en Archivística

The objective of this essay is to analyze some aspects of the Organic Law project of the Association of Archivists Professionals, through the study of the legislative file number 19389 in order to highlight several present disagreements. The omissions in the legislative process of consultations are exposed, characterization of the various professional’s archivists incorporated in another professional school, conflicts with the Law of the National System of Archives and other legislation. In addition, it is exposed the training of two organizations that present certain incongruities on this one: Costa Rican Association of Archivists (ACA, by its Spanish name) and the Interagency Commission of Heads of Public Sector Archives (CIAP, by its Spanish name); based on the number of members of both organizaciones and the administration and extinction of the second, the difficulty for the consolidation of an exclusive school is inferred. In addition, the Commission for the Creation of the Association of Archivists Professionals (CO-COLPROA, by its Spanish name) is considered, since it was the group that developed the project. In conclusion, three possible options are indicated: a) acceptance, b) requesting revision, or c) proposing a new replacement text

Análisis del proyecto de Ley Orgánica del Colegio de profesionales en Archivística

The objective of this essay is to analyze some aspects of the Organic Law project of the Association of Archivists Professionals, through the study of the legislative file number 19389 in order to highlight several present disagreements. The omissions in the legislative process of consultations are exposed, characterization of the various professional’s archivists incorporated in another professional school, conflicts with the Law of the National System of Archives and other legislation. In addition, it is exposed the training of two organizations that present certain incongruities on this one: Costa Rican Association of Archivists (ACA, by its Spanish name) and the Interagency Commission of Heads of Public Sector Archives (CIAP, by its Spanish name); based on the number of members of both organizaciones and the administration and extinction of the second, the difficulty for the consolidation of an exclusive school is inferred. In addition, the Commission for the Creation of the Association of Archivists Professionals (CO-COLPROA, by its Spanish name) is considered, since it was the group that developed the project. In conclusion, three possible options are indicated: a) acceptance, b) requesting revision, or c) proposing a new replacement text

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Biphosphate-Dependent Rearrangement of TRPV4 Cytosolic Tails Enables Channel Activation by Physiological Stimuli

Most transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are regulated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP$_2$), although the structural rearrangements occurring on PIP$_2$ binding are currently far from clear. Here we report that activation of the TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel by hypotonic and heat stimuli requires PIP$_2$ binding to and rearrangement of the cytosolic tails. Neutralization of the positive charges within the sequence $^{121}$KRWRK$^{125}$, which resembles a phosphoinositide-binding site, rendered the channel unresponsive to hypotonicity and heat but responsive to 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, an agonist that binds directly to transmembrane domains. Similar channel response was obtained by depletion of PIP$_2$ from the plasma membrane with translocatable phosphatases in heterologous expression systems or by activation of phospholipase C in native ciliated epithelial cells. PIP$_2$ facilitated TRPV4 activation by the osmotransducing cytosolic messenger 5′-6’-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and allowed channel activation by heat in inside-out patches. Protease protection assays demonstrated a PIP$_2$-binding site within the N-tail. The proximity of TRPV4 tails, analyzed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, increased by depleting PIP$_2$ mutations in the phosphoinositide site or by coexpression with protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 3 (PACSIN3), a regulatory molecule that binds TRPV4 N-tails and abrogates activation by cell swelling and heat. PACSIN3 lacking the Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (F-BAR) domain interacted with TRPV4 without affecting channel activation or tail rearrangement. Thus, mutations weakening the TRPV4–PIP$_2$ interacting site and conditions that deplete PIP$_2$ or restrict access of TRPV4 to PIP$_2$—in the case of PACSIN3—change tail conformation and negatively affect channel activation by hypotonicity and heat.Molecular and Cellular Biolog

Native forest conversion alters soil macroinvertebrate diversity and soil quality in tropical mountain landscapes of northern Ecuador

peer reviewedLand use changes cause soil degradation and loss of biodiversity, thereby affecting ecological processes and soil-associated ecosystem services. However, land use change impacts on soil health have received little attention in the highland landscapes of the tropics. In this research, using the soil health framework, we assessed the impact of native forest conversion to anthropic systems (planted forests, pastures, and monocultures) on two ecosystem services: biodiversity conservation and soil fertility in the highlands of northern Ecuador. The biological dimension of our assessment focused on the diversity, abundance, and biomass of soil macroinvertebrate communities as proxies to soil functions, whereas soil chemical parameters were used to describe the soil fertility. The soil invertebrate communities and soil chemical parameters were studied in topsoil samples using 25 × 25 × 10 cm monoliths, obtained from 10 sampling sites randomly selected in each land use category. We hypothesized that native forests would present more diverse and even soil macroinvertebrate communities, and together with their soil chemical properties would indicate better soil quality than anthropic environments. Our results showed that the structure and composition of the edaphic macroinvertebrate communities significantly differed among the studied land use categories. As predicted, native forests presented greater values for richness, evenness and diversity of soil biota than did the other categories, demonstrating a significant loss of taxonomic biodiversity at order and genus levels. We also found a significant reduction of trophic diversity in native forests converted to anthropic environments. More trophic groups with greater abundances were found in native forests, where predators and detritivores stood out as dominant groups, indicating the good quality of the soil. The results from the soil chemical parameters also confirmed the distinction in soil health between native forests and anthropic environments. Our results highlight the risk associated with current trends of native forest loss and conversion to anthropic systems in high mountain ecosystems in the tropics, illustrating how these alterations could cause biodiversity loss and degradation of the chemical attributes of soil health. The findings of this research could contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of mountain agricultural landscapes in the study regionAdriana Paulina Guarderas15. Life on lan

Evaluación de tres pruebas serológicas para la detección de anticuerpos contra el virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1)

Background: Peru is endemic to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), for these reasons it is important to know the reliability of the diagnostic tests used in the country, in order to continue their use or not. The objective was to evaluate the performance of three serological tests ELISA Murex, ELISA Wantai and IFI INS-Peru for the detection of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies against Peruvian samples. The study. The three tests were evaluated against 382 sera: 215 positive and 167 negative for HTLV-1 (Gold Standard: immunoblot). Findings. IFI had no false positives, Wantai had more false negatives (seven) and Murex more false positives (eight). The three tests showed results above 95% for the estimated parameters of diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions. IIF INS-Perú and ELISA Murex had good diagnostic performance for the detection of antibodies against HTLV-1 and are good candidates to continue being used in Peru.Introducción: El Perú es endémico al virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1), por esas razones es importante conocer la fiabilidad de las pruebas diagnósticas que se usan en el país, con la finalidad de continuar o no su uso. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento de tres pruebas serológicas ELISA Murex, ELISA Wantai e IFI INS-Perú para la detección de anticuerpos anti HTLV-1 frente a muestras peruanas. El estudio. Las tres pruebas fueron evaluadas frente a 382 sueros: 215 positivos y 167 negativos a HTLV-1 (Gold Standar: inmunoblot). Hallazgos. IFI no presentó falsos positivos, Wantai tuvo más falsos negativos (siete) y Murex más falsos positivos (ocho). Las tres pruebas mostraron resultados superiores a 95% para los parámetros estimados de exactitud diagnóstica. Conclusiones. IFI INS-Perú y ELISA Murex tuvieron buen rendimiento diagnóstico para la detección de anticuerpos contra HTLV-1 y son buenos candidatos para continuar siendo usados en Perú

Comunicación preliminar sobre la presencia de Trypanosoma cruzi en departamentos del norte y nororiente del Perú

Objectives: To perform an epidemiological study on presence of Chaga’s disease and its vectors at northern and nor oriental Peru. Design: Descriptive, transversal study. Setting: Daniel A. Carrion Tropical Medicine Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biologic material: Triatomines positive to Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas 1909; one month-old Swiss- Webster male rats. Interventions: In September 2008 a visit was done to Chilete, Paredones, Contumaza province, Cajamarca, and to Pampa Larca, La Puerta, Guitarras and Suyo at Ayabaca province, Piura, collecting 10 Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) specimens at Piura and 12 Panstrongylus herreri (Wygodzinsky, 1948) specimens at Chilete, Cajamarca. Trypanosoma strains were isolated in Swiss Webster white male one month-old rats, and maintained by successive transfers. Both parasitemia curve and morphometric study of blood tripomastigotes were done. Infected rats were sacrificed at 30 days from inoculation, viscera were separated and pathology study was performed. Fifty-nine blood samples were obtained from inhabitants’ finger pulp in paper filter to look for IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Main outcome measures: Identification of triatomines and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi; presence of IgG anti- T. cruzi antibodies in inhabitants. Results: Two P. chinai and one P. herreri specimens were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi in the triatomines collected. Maximum peak of parasitemia curve occurred at 20 days. T. cruzi amastigotes nests were found in rat myocardium and skeletal muscle. Ten inhabitant’s blood samples (16,9%) were reactive to IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies, with concordant results for both techniques. Conclusions: Presence of the parasite in vectors and of antibodies in humans confirmed that in Peruvian northern and nor oriental settings there exists active T. cruzi infection with all epidemiological chain links present to develop the disease.Objetivo: Realizar un estudio epidemiológico de la zona norte y nororiental del Perú sobre la presencia de enfermedad de Chagas y sus vectores. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Institución: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Triatominos positivos a Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas 1909, ratones machos Swiss-Webster de un mes de edad. Intervenciones: En septiembre de 2008, se visitó las localidades de Chilete, Paredones, en la Provincia de Contumazá, Cajamarca, y las localidades de Pampa Larca, La Puerta, Guitarras y Suyo en la provincia de Ayabaca, Piura, colectándose 10 especímenes de Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) en Piura y 12 especímenes de Panstrongylus herreri (Wygodzinsky, 1948), en Chilete, Cajamarca. Se aisló las cepas de Trypanosoma en ratones blancos, machos, de un mes de edad, cepa Swiss webster, siendo estos mantenidos en el laboratorio por traspasos sucesivos. Se hizo la curva de parasitemia y el estudio morfométrico de los tripomastigotes sanguíneos. Los ratones infectados fueron sacrificados a los 30 días de inoculados, se separó las vísceras y en estas se hizo el estudio anatomopatológico. Se tomó 59 muestras de sangre a los habitantes de las zonas en estudio, de pulpa digital, en papel filtro, para búsqueda de anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi por ELISA y reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). Principales medidas de resultados: Identificación de los triatominos y determinar su infección por Trypanosoma cruzi; presencia de anticuerpos IgG anti- T. cruzi en los pobladores. Resultados: De los especímenes de triatominos colectados, se encontró dos especímenes de P. chinai y uno de P. herreri positivos a Trypanosoma cruzi. El pico máximo de la curva de parasitemia, ocurrió a los 20 días y se halló nidos de amastigotes de T. cruzi en miocardio y músculo esquelético de los ratones. En los habitantes de las zonas, diez (16,9%) de las muestras de sangre fueron reactivas a anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi, con resultados concordantes para ambas técnicas. Conclusiones: La presencia del parásito en los vectores y de sus anticuerpos en humanos confirma que en los lugares estudiados de la zona norte y nororiente del Perú existe la infección por T. cruzi en forma activa, con todos los eslabones de la cadena epidemiológica para contraer dicha infección

La responsabilidad empresarial ante la insolvencia fraudulenta

This research seeks to analyze corporate liability when declaring itself in punishable or fraudulent insolvency in order to avoid complying with its tax obligations, as well as with its creditors, in addition to identifying the modus operandi of the offender. To achieve this task, an analytical study of cases that occurred in Ecuador is carried out in order to determine shortcomings in the regulations of economic criminal offenses and propose reforms to the law that allow reducing this type of crime. For this, a reform of the COIP must be carried out that includes the economic crime of fraudulent insolvency and its various modalities, expanding the typical behavior of the offender in the crime of insolvency, that the State should not assume the debt of the companies that declare in insolvency and prohibit senior officials from being part of or creating new companies in the country, as well as participating in works or contracting with the StateLa presente investigación busca analizar la responsabilidad empresarial al declararse en insolvencia punible o fraudulenta a fin de evitar cumplir con sus obligaciones tributarias, así como con sus acreedores, además de identificar el modus operandi del infractor. Para lograr este cometido, se realiza un estudio analítico de casos ocurridos en Ecuador a fin de determinar falencias en la normativa del delito penal económico y proponer reformas a la ley que permitan disminuir este tipo de delitos. Para esto se debe realizar una reforma al COIP donde se incluya el delito económico de la insolvencia fraudulenta y sus diversas modalidades, ampliar en el delito de insolvencia la conducta típica del infractor, que el Estado no debe asumir la deuda de las empresas que se declaran en insolvencia y prohibir a los altos funcionarios de ser parte o crear nuevas empresas en el país, así mismo de participar en obras o contratación con el Estad

Piezo2 channel regulates RhoA and actin cytoskeleton to promote cell mechanobiological responses

International audienceActin polymerization and assembly into stress fibers (SFs) is central to many cellular processes. However, how SFs form in response to the mechanical interaction of cells with their environment is not fully understood. Here we have identified Piezo2 mechanosensi-tive cationic channel as a transducer of environmental physical cues into mechanobiological responses. Piezo2 is needed by brain metastatic cells from breast cancer (MDA-MB-231-BrM2) to probe their physical environment as they anchor and pull on their surroundings or when confronted with confined migration through narrow pores. Piezo2-mediated Ca 2+ influx activates RhoA to control the formation and orientation of SFs and focal adhesions (FAs). A possible mechanism for the Piezo2-mediated activation of RhoA involves the recruitment of the Fyn kinase to the cell leading edge as well as calpain activation. Knockdown of Piezo2 in BrM2 cells alters SFs, FAs, and nuclear translocation of YAP; a phenotype rescued by overexpression of dominant-positive RhoA or its downstream effector, mDia1. Consequently, hallmarks of cancer invasion and metastasis related to RhoA, actin cytoskeleton, and/or force transmission, such as migration, extracellular matrix degradation, and Serpin B2 secretion, were reduced in cells lacking Piezo2. mechanotransduction | calcium signaling | RhoA | actin stress fibers | cance

Piezo2 channel regulates RhoA and actin cytoskeleton to promote cell mechanobiological responses

Actin polymerization and assembly into stress fibers (SFs) is central to many cellular processes. However, how SFs form in response to the mechanical interaction of cells with their environment is not fully understood. Here we have identified Piezo2 mechanosensitive cationic channel as a transducer of environmental physical cues into mechanobiological responses. Piezo2 is needed by brain metastatic cells from breast cancer (MDA-MB-231-BrM2) to probe their physical environment as they anchor and pull on their surroundings or when confronted with confined migration through narrow pores. Piezo2-mediated Ca2+ influx activates RhoA to control the formation and orientation of SFs and focal adhesions (FAs). A possible mechanism for the Piezo2-mediated activation of RhoA involves the recruitment of the Fyn kinase to the cell leading edge as well as calpain activation. Knockdown of Piezo2 in BrM2 cells alters SFs, FAs, and nuclear translocation of YAP; a phenotype rescued by overexpression of dominant-positive RhoA or its downstream effector, mDia1. Consequently, hallmarks of cancer invasion and metastasis related to RhoA, actin cytoskeleton, and/or force transmission, such as migration, extracellular matrix degradation, and Serpin B2 secretion, were reduced in cells lacking Piezo2

Estudio epidemiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas en el Departamento de Amazonas, Perú: estudio del vector, reservorio humano

Objetivos: Determinar la presencia de enfermedad de Chagas y Trypanosoma cruzi, en reservorios humanos y animales, en localidades del departamento de Amazonas, Perú. Diseño: Descriptivo, transversal. Institución: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM Participantes: Pobladores de Quintaleros, el Ron, las 3 Marías, San Antonio, del distrito de Cajaruro, provincia de Utcubamba, departamento de Amazonas, Perú. intervenciones: Se viajó al Departamento de Amazonas, en mayo de 2011, para colectar los vectores. Principales medidas de resultados: Presencia de enfermedad de Chagas y Trypanosoma cruzi. Resultados: Se colectó los vectores de enfermedad de Chagas Panstrongylus herreri (Wygodzinsky, 1948), 131 especímenes (19 machos, 33 hembras, 79 ninfas y 92 huevos) y se encontró (15) triatominos infectados por T. cruzi; se les aisló en ratones Balb/C; se estudió la curva de parasitemia, encontrándose el pico a los 20 días. Al estudio morfométrico, se confirmó que correspondía a T. cruzi. Al estudio histopatológico, el tropismo se encontró en corazón y musculo esquelético. En los xenodiagnósticos de animales reservorios silvestres, 3 fueron positivos a T. cruzi. En 62 muestras de sangre de humanos, 4 fueron reactivos por serología. Conclusiones: Existió la enfermedad de Chagas en las poblaciones estudiadas; se encontró el vector Panstrongylus herreri infectado por T. cruzi, domiciliado en la vivienda humana. Hubo humanos con serologia reactiva, así como reservorios animales infectados