Utjecaj porodne mase i dobi odojaka na eritrocitne pokazatelje

The preweaning period is the most critical phase in pig production. During that period the production parameters of small birth mass piglets are the poorest and losses are the heaviest. In this study red blood cell characteristics were investigated in suckling piglets of normal and small birth mass, regarding the various changes occurring after birth related to organ development, colostrum intake, degradation of fetal erythrocytes and parental globulins, acquirement of immunocompetence, environmental changes, stress, and other factors. The average values of erythrocyte numbers obtained in both groups of piglets after birth were below the lower threshold of the reference range for pigs and only reached it at 14 (piglets of normal birth mass) or at 21 days of age (small birth mass piglets). The average erythrocyte count at the end of the suckling period was significantly higher (P<0.01) than values established on the first day of life. The increase recorded is probably a result of accelerated erythropoesis in young animals after degradation of fetal erythrocytes. A significantly higher value (P<0.01) of hematocrits was recorded in both groups at the end of the suckling period in comparison with the first day. Only in the group of small birth mass piglets was there a statistically significant higher haemoglobin value (P<0.01) on the 21st day compared with the 1st day of life. All piglets had significantly lower values (P<0.01) of erythrocyte parameters (MCV, MCH and MCHC) at weaning than on the first day of life. Piglets of normal birth mass had significantly larger number of erythrocytes (P<0.05) and lower MCV value (P<0.05) at 7 days of age, and significantly lower MCV and MCH (P<0.01) in relation to low birth mass piglets at two weeks of age.Razdoblje sisanja u prasadi predstavlja presudnu fazu svinjogojske proizvodnje. U ovom istraživanju utvrđeni su hematološki pokazatelji odojaka od prasenja do odbića. Nakon prasenja dolazi do različitih promjena, koje su u vezi sa sazrijevanjem i razvojem organa, uzimanjem kolostruma, razgradnjom fetalnih eritrocita te majčinih globulina, stjecanjem imunokompetentnosti, okolišnim promjenama, utjecajem stresa i drugim čimbenicima. Dobivene vrijednosti prosječnog broja eritrocita odojaka nakon prasenja nalazile su se ispod, a tek u dobi od 14 dana unutar donje granice referentnog raspona za svinje. Prosječan broj eritrocita na kraju razdoblja sisanja bio je statistički značajno veći (P<0,01) od vrijednosti utvrđene prvog dana života. Ustanovljeni porast mogao bi biti posljedica ubrzane eritropoeze u novoprasene prasadi nakon razgradnje fetalnih eritrocita. Statistički značajno veća vrijednost (P<0,01) na kraju razdoblje sisanja, u odnosu na prvi dan utvrđena je i za vrijednost hematokrita. Zabilježene su i statistički značajno manje prosječne vrijednosti (P<0,01) eritrocitnih indeksa (MCV, MCH, MCHC) kod odbića nego prvog dana nakon prasenja

The influence of mycotoxins on pig health and performance

Mikotoksini predstavljaju značajan problem u hranidbi svinja. Sekundarni metaboliti plijesni su toksične tvari koje negativno utječu na zdravlje i proizvodnost životinja, te kakvoću njihovih proizvoda. Stvaranje mikotoksina je složen proces i teško je predvidjeti koji će toksin biti proizveden i u kojoj koncentraciji. Hranu najčešće onečišćuju niske koncentracije različitih mikotoksina (aflatoksini, ohratoksini, trihoteceni, fumonizini i zearalenon) koji uzrokuju cijeli niz nepoželjnih učinaka, ovisno o količini koju životinja unese u organizam. Interakcije mikotoksina u organizmu su kompleksne, a mogu imati antagonistički, sinergistički ili zbrojeni učinak, ovisno o kombinaciji i razini u kojoj se pojave. Svinja je jedna od najosjetljivijih domaćih životinja na djelovanje mikotoksina. Pri dugotrajnom konzumiranju onečišćene hrane dolazi do pada proizvodnosti, pogoršanja općeg zdravstvenog stanja i reproduktivnih poremećaja. Jedan od važnijih negativnih djelovanja kod svinja, koje dugotrajno uzimaju niske doze mikotoksina je imunosupresija. Mikotoksini predstavljaju vrlo stabilne spojeve koji dugo ostaju u sirovinama i životinjskim proizvodima, te predstavljaju velik rizik zbog mogućeg prijenosa na ljude.Mycotoxins present a serious problem in swine nutrition. As secondary metabolites of moulds they are toxic substances that have a negative effect on health status and performance of animals and their products. Mycotoxin production is a complex process and it makes it difficult to predict which toxin will be produced and in what concentration. Feed is mostly contaminated by low concentrations of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, tricothecenes, fumonisins and zearalenone), which cause a variety of negative effects depending on the concentration taken in by an animal. Inside the organism, mycotoxin interactions are complex and can have antagonistic, synergistic and additive effect, depending on the combination and level of their inclusion. When it comes to mycotoxins swine is one of the most sensitive farm animals. Long-term consumption of contaminated food can lead to lower production results, health problems and reproductive disorders. Immunosupression in swine is one of more important negative effects resulting from long term low level mycotoxin intake. Mycotoxins are generally quite stable molecules and may remain in raw materials and animal products a considerable time presenting a great risk of possible transfer to humans

Familial adenomatous polyposis in children - 12 year experience

Polipi su proliferativne tvorbe koje mogu rasti unutar lumena cijelom duljinom gastrointestinalnog sustava. Razlikuju se prema makroskopskom izgledu, kao i prema histološkoj građi. Pojava multiplih polipoidnih lezija naziva se polipoza, a među njima je najčešća nasljedna adenomatozna polipoza, FAP (engl. familial adenomatous polyposis). Postoji više varijanti ovog sindroma, ali svima je karakteristična pojava velikog broja polipa već od najranije dobi, sa značajnim rizikom od maligne alteracije i nastanka kolorektalnog karcinoma. Bolest se veže uz mutacije APC (engl. adenomatous polyposis coli – adenomatozna polipoza kolona) tumor supresorskog gena, ili, u rjeđem broju slučajeva, mutacije MUTYH (mutY homolog) gena, pa primjena genske dijagnostike može poslužiti kao metoda probira. Dijagnoza bolesti postavlja se endoskopskim pretragama, a za sada je jedina uspješna terapija kirurško odstranjenje kolona, iako postoje naznake pozitivnog učinka primjena selektivnih COX-2 (ciklooksigenaza 2) inhibitora. Iskustva na Klinici za pedijatriju KBC Zagreb, u periodu između 2001. i 2013. godine, vežu se za 5 pacijenata s dijagnozom obiteljske polipoze kolona. Svi su pacijenti imali pozitivnu obiteljsku anamnezu, a troje je imalo i subjektivne smetnje u vidu hematohezije. Zbog nalaza adenomatoznih polipa visokog stupnja displazije, te dijagnoze carcinoma in situ jednog pacijenta, svi su pacijenti podvrgnuti kirurškom zahvatu. Osim intestinalnih promjena i simptoma, FAP dovodi do cijelog niza ekstraintestinalnih manifestacija, stoga se u praćenju pacijenata s ovom dijagnozom, uz godišnje praćenje od strane gastroenterologa, savjetuju redovite kontrole oftalmologa, kao i mjerenje vrijednosti CEA (karcinoembrionalni antigen) i alfa-fetoproteina, ultrazvuk abdomena, te redovito praćenje štitne žlijezde.Polyps refer to any mass projecting into the lumen throughout the gastrointestinal tract. They can be distinguished by their macroscopic appearance, but also by their histological structure. Disorders characterized by the presence of multiple polyps are called polyposis, and the most common polyposis syndrome is familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). There are several variants of FAP associated conditions, all characterized by the appearance of hundreds to thousands of adenomas during the second decade of life and highly increased risk of cancer. FAP results from a germline mutation in the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) tumor suppressor gene, or, in a minority of cases, from a mutation in MUTYH (mutY homolog) gene, so genetic testing can be used as a screening, for discriminating between affected and unaffected individuals. The diagnosis of FAP is confirmed by colonoscopic examination and, by the time, colectomy remains the only recommended treatment, although there are some studies showing positive effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on reduction in the number and size of the adenomas. Between 2001 and 2013, 5 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis were diagnosed and followed up at the Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb. All the patients had positive family history, and three of them presented with rectal bleeding at the time of diagnosis. One patient was diagnosed as having carcinoma in situ. Due to high grade dysplasia of adenomatous polyps, all 5 patients underwent colectomy with no serious complications. In addition to intestinal polyps and associated conditions, there are numerous extraintestinal manifestations of FAP, so in these patients, beside annual colonoscopic examination, other examination, such as ophtalmological assessment, abdominal ultrasound, measurement of serum CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations and thyroid gland examination should be considered

Promjene humoralnih i staničnih imunosnih pokazatelja povezane s dobi svinje.

The sequence of development of porcine systemic and local humoral and cellular immunity was analyzed by the age-dependent patterns of total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to common mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, PHA; concanavalin A, ConA; poke-weed mitogen, PWM), or allogeneic PBL in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and the expression/distribution patterns of intestinal mucosal immune cell subsets, in order to establish the basic immune parameters for an assessment of immunocompetence in clinically normal pigs. Thus, we surveyed the species-related physiological values of these parameters in different age/technological categories, comprising infant (suckling and weaned pigs) and adult (gilts, sows, and boars) swine, kept in intensive rearing conditions. The highest level of total Igs was determined in neonatal pigs (43.5 ± 4.6 g/L), and this value was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that in weaned pigs (12.1 ± 1.5 g/L). Among adult swine, the highest level of total Igs was recorded in sows (32.0 ± 3.1 g/L), and this was much higher (P<0.001) than that found in gilts (25.1 ± 3.5 g/L) or boars (21.2 ± 5.0 g/L). The reactivity of PBL in neonatal pigs decreased by 60-70% compared to weaned pigs, regardless ofthe stimulator applied. In adult swine, the strongest reactivity of PBL, except to PHA, was determined in sows. Histomorphometric analyses showed that CD45RA+, CD45RC+ and IgA+ cells in sections of the jejunum and ileum were significantly higher in weaned pigs (P<0.05) compared to neonatal pigs. The immune parameters obtained for a sample of the swine population in Croatia may serve as a basis for further research on porcine systemic and local (intestinal) immune responsiveness regarding (i) differences among breeds, (ii) the influence of paragenetic factors, (iii) the impact of microbial etiology diseases, particularly those accompanied by immunosuppression, and (iv)the validation of specific/nonspecific immunomodulation.Slijed razvitka sustavne i lokalne humoralne i stanične imunosti u svinje analiziran je s pomoću dobno ovisnih promjena u razinama serumskih imunoglobulina (Ig), odgovorima limfocita periferne krvi (LPK) na uobičajene mitogene (fitohemaglutin, PHA; konkanavalin A, ConA; poke-weed mitogen, PWM) ili specifični antigen (alogenske LPK u miješanoj kulturi limfocita, MKL), te u obrascima ekspresije/distribucije subpopulacija imunosnih stanica u sluznici crijeva radi utvrđivanja temeljnih imunosnih pokazatelja za procjenu imunosne kompetencije u klinički normalnih svinja. Stoga smo istražili za vrstu specifične fiziološke vrijednostitih pokazatelja u različitih dobnih, odnosno tehnoloških kategorija, koje su uključivale mladu prasad (sisančad i odbijenike) i odrasle svinje (nazimice, krmače i nerastove) držane u uvjetima intenzivnog uzgoja. U neonatalne prasadi utvrđema je najviša razina ukupnih Ig (43,5 ± 4,6 g/L), i ta je vrijednost bila značajno viša (P<0,001) od one u odbijene prasadi (12,1 ± 1,5 g/L). U odraslih svinja, najviša razina ukupnih Ig zabilježena je u krmača (32,0 ± 3,1 g/L) i bila je mnogo viša (P<0,001) od onih utvrđenih u nazimica (25,1 ± 3,5 g/L) i nerastova (21,2 ± 5,0 g/L). Reaktivnost LPK u neonatalne prasadi bila je snižena za 60 - 70% u odnosu na onu zabilježenu u odbijene prasadi bez obzira na primijenjeni stimulator. U odraslih svinja, najjača je reaktivnost LPK, osim na PHA, utvrđena u krmača. Histomorfometrijske analize pokazale su da su CD45RA+, CD45RC+ i IgA+ stanice u dijelovima jejunuma i ileuma značajno brojnije u odbijene prasadi (P<0,05) u usporedbi s vrijednostima u neonatalne prasadi. Dobiveni imunosni pokazatelji na uzorku populacije svinja u Hrvatskoj mogu poslužiti kao temelj za dalja istraživanja njihovog sustavnog i lokalnog (crijevnog) imunosnog odgovora s obzirom na: (I) različitosti među pasminama, (II) utjecaje paragenetičkih činitelja, kao što su uvjeti uzgoja/držanja, način prehrane, te ambijentalni i okolišni stresori, (III) učinke bolesti mikrobne etiologije, posebice onih povezanih s imunosupresijom, kao i na (IV) vrednovanje specifične/nespecifične imunomodulacije

Increased number of intestinal villous M cells in levamisole -pretreated weaned pigs experimentally infected with F4ac+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain

Immunoprophylaxis of porcine postweaning colibacillosis (PWC) caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4 fimbriae is an unsolved problem. Just as ETEC strains can exploit intestinal microfold (M) cells as the entry portal for infection, their high transcytotic ability make them an attractive target for mucosally delivered vaccines, adjuvants and therapeutics. We have developed a model of parenteral/oral immunization of 4-weeks-old pigs with either levamisole or vaccine candidate F4ac+ non-ETEC strain to study their effects on de novo differentiation of antigen-sampling M cells. Identification, localization and morphometric quantification of cytokeratin 18 positive M cells in the ileal mucosa of 6-weeks-old pigs revealed that they were: 1) exclusively located within villous epithelial layer, 2) significantly numerous (P< 0.01) in levamisole pretreated/challenged pigs, and 3) only slightly, but not significantly numerous in vaccinated/challenged pigs compared with non-pretreated/challenged control pigs. The fact that levamisole may affect the M cells frequency by increasing their numbers, makes it an interesting adjuvant to study development of an effective M cell-targeted vaccine against porcine PWC

Učinak dodavanja živih stanica kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae u obroku tovne janjadi na proizvodne rezultate i broj bakterija u buragu

A feeding trial was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of live yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth performance of lambs. The experiment was performed on thirty-six East - Friesian lambs divided into a control group without live yeast cells (CD = control diet), an experimental group with 1g/day of live yeast cells in the diet (YC1) and an experimental group with 0.5 g/day of live yeast cells in the diet (YC0.5). Diet was based on hay and concentrate containing: corn (66.3%), soybean meal (18.7%), bran (6%) and alfalfa meal (4%). No effects were recorded on weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The number of anaerobic and aerobic rumen bacteria was not affected by the treatment. Results demonstrated that 0.5 g/day and 1 g/day of live yeast cells supplementation to finishing lambs fed hay and high energy concentrate does not improve growth performance.Proveden je pokus da bi se utvrdio učinak živih stanica kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae na proizvodne rezultate janjadi. Pokus je proveden na trideset i šest janjaca istočnofrizijske pasmine podijeljenih u kontrolnu skupinu koja u hrani nije dobivala žive stanice kvasca (CD = kontrolna hrana), pokusnu skupinu s 1 g živih stanica kvasca u obroku (YC1) i pokusnu skupinu s 0,5 g živih stanica kvasca u obroku (YC0,5). Obrok se sastojao od sijena i dodatka koncentrata koji je sadržavao kukuruz (66,3%), sojinu sačmu (18,7%), pšenične posije (6%) i brašno lucerne (4%). Nije utvrđen učinak na težinu, prirast i konverziju hrane. Postupak nije utjecao na broj anaerobnih i aerobnih bakterija. Zaključili smo da žive stanice kvasca nisu poboljšale rast u janjadi hranjene sijenom i koncentratom

De novo diferencijacija M stanica crijevnih resica u odbijene prasadi imunizirane pokusnim cjepnim F4ac+ ili F18ac+ neenterotoksigenim sojevima bakterije Escherichia coli s levamisolom kao adjuvansom.

Active immunization against porcine postweaning colidiarrhea (CD) and/or colienterotoxemia (CE) caused by F4+ and/or F18+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is still an unsolved problem. The intestinal microfold (M) cells play a role in the entry/invasion of intraluminal pathogens (such as ETEC strains), in antigen sampling, and in facilitating the induction of immunity to gut infections. Just as ETEC strains can exploit M cells as the portal of entry for infections, such as CD and/or CE, their high transcytotic ability makes them an attractive target for mucosally delivered vaccines, adjuvants and therapeutics. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of levamisole-adjuvanted vaccine candidate F4ac+ and F18ac+non-ETEC strains on incidence/frequency of ileal M cells and up-regulation of antigen delivery by de novo formation of these cells in weaned pigs. Conventionally reared 4-week-old pigs were divided into three groups, of which two were parenterally and orally immunized with levamisole (at days -2, -1 and 0) in combination with either vaccine candidate non-ETEC strain (at day 0), respectively. The third group of pigs received saline as a placebo. Challenge was performed (at day 7) with the F4ac+ ETEC strain, and the pigs were euthanatized (at day 13) and sampled for immunohistology. Distribution patterns of cytokeratin 18 positive M cells revealed that they are interspersed between enterocytes than as small clusters, and most of them were found to be located at the apex of the villi in the ileum of 6-weeks-old-pigs. Morphometric quantififi cation of M cells in the ileal mucosa showed that levamisole-pretreated F18ac+non-ETEC-immunized and challenged pigs had significantly increased numbers (P<0.01) of ileal M cells as compared to the values obtained in the control non-primed and challenged pigs. The proportion of these cells in this group of pigs was increased by 145%. In the levamisole-pretreated F4ac+ non-ETEC-immunized and challenged pigs only a slightly increased (for 7%) proportion of M cells was recorded. However, this increase was not significantly different from the numerical values obtained for control pigs. Our finding that levamisole-adjuvanted F18ac+non-ETEC vaccine may affect de novo differentiation of antigen-sampling M cells by increasing their number in the ileum, indicated that the vaccine probably utilizes these cells as a target for entry/delivery to the nearby lymphocytes and induces protective immunity against CE. On the other hand, the failure of levamisole-adjuvanted F4ac+non-ETEC vaccine to produce a similar effect on M cells remains to be elucidated.Aktivna imunizacija odbijene prasadi protiv kolidijareje (KD) i/ili kolienterotoksemije (KE) uzrokovane F4ac+ i/ili F18ac+ enterotoksigenim sojevima bakterije Escherichia coli (ETEC) još je uvijek neriješen problem. Crijevne mikronaborane (M) stanice imaju funkciju pri ulasku/invaziji intraluminalnih patogena (kao što su ETEC sojevi), unosu uzoraka antigena i pogodovanju tvorbi imunosti na probavne infekcije. Činjenica da ETEC sojevi rabe M stanice kao ulazna vrata za uzročnike infekcija, kao što su KD i/ili KE, a njihova velika sposobnost transcitoze čini ih ujedno pogodnim stanicama za unos mukoznih cjepiva, adjuvanata i lijekova. Cilj ovoga rada bilo je vrednovanje učinaka pokusnih cjepnih sojeva F4ac+ i F18ac+ ne-ETEC, s levamisolom kao adjuvansom, na pojavnost i brojnost M stanica u ileumu, te na poticanje unosa antigena nakon de novo tvorbe tih stanica u odbijene prasadi. Prasad iz uobičajenoga uzgoja, u dobi od 4 tjedna, bila je razvrstana u tri skupine od kojih su dvije parenteralno/oralno imunizirane levamisolom (-2., -1. i 0. dana pokusa) u kombinaciji s jednim od dva pokusna vakcinalna ne-ETEC soja (0. dana pokusa). Treća je skupina primila fiziološku otopinu kao placebo. Izazivačka je infekcija provedena s F4ac+ ETEC sojem (7. dana pokusa), a prasad je usmrćena (13. dana pokusa) radi uzimanja uzoraka za imunohistologiju. Distribucijski obrasci M stanica, pozitivnih na biljeg za citokeratin 18, pokazuju da su pretežito raspršene između enterocita, a manje ih je u malim nakupinama, te da se većina tih stanica nalazi pri vrhu resica ileuma prasadi u dobi od 6 tjedana. Morfometrijska kvantifikacija M stanica u sluznici ileuma pokazuje da prasad koja je prethodno dobivala levamisol i imunizirana F18ac+ ne- ETEC sojem ima značajno veći broj (P<0,01) M stanica u usporedbi s vrijednostima dobivenima u kontrolne neimunizirane prasadi. Udjel M stanica u te prasadi bio je povećan za 145%. U skupini prasadi prethodno obrađene levamisolom i imuniziranih F4ac+ ne-ETEC sojem zabilježen je samo blagi porast (za 7%) udjela M stanica. Međutim, taj porast nije bio statistički značajno različit od vrijednosti dobivenih u kontrolne prasadi. Naš nalaz da F18ac+ ne-ETEC vakcina s levamisolom kao adjuvansom može pospješiti de novo diferencijaciju M stanica time što povećava njihovu brojnost u ileumu, upućuje na povećanu sposobnost tih stanica da unose pokusni vakcinalni soj i tako dostavljaju imunogen do obližnjih limfocita što potiče zaštitnu imunost protiv KE. Međutim, trebalo bi objasniti izostanak sličnog učinka na M stanice u prasadi koja je primila F4ac+ ne-ETEC vakcinu s levamisolom kao adjuvansom

Učinak levamisola na brojnost crijevnih vrčastih stanica odbijene prasadi pokusno cijepljene protiv kolibaciloze

Postweaning colibacillosis (PWC) is an etiologically complex disease commonly induced by porcine F4ac+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) for which no effective vaccine is available. The objective of this study was to determine the nonspecific immunomodulatory effect of levamisole in combination with specific intragastric immunization of weaned pigs with a candidate F4ac+ non-ETEC oral vaccine on the population of intestinal goblet cells (GC). The pigs were immunized with F4ac+ non-ETEC strain, in combination with or without levamisole. Seven days after immunization the pigs were challenged with F4ac+ ETEC strain and 14 days following immunization they were euthanatized for sampling of specimens of the small intestine for immunohistochemistry and morphometric analyses. Samples of the ileum were tested for the presence of acidic and neutral carbohydrates, components of mucus produced and secreted by the intestinal goblet cells (GC). The volume density (VV) of the PAS+ and AB+/PAS+ GC was determined using the stereological point-counting method. The Vv of the ileal PAS+ GC was lowest (0.130 ± 0.075 mm3) in the pigs that were immunized with the vaccine candidate F4ac+ non-ETEC strain. Interestingly, AB+/PAS+ GC Vv were found to be highest (0.262 ± 0.091 mm3) in this group of pigs. The Vv of PAS+ GC was the largest (0.201 ± 0.064 mm3) in the negative control group of pigs. Pigs from the levamisole pretreated group were shown to have the lowest Vv (0.166 ± 0.051 mm3) of AB+/PAS+ GC. According to the data presented, there was no significant influence of nonspecific/specific immunization on the nonimmune defence mechanism of the intestinal mucosa, as measured by GC Vv in weaned pigs. Hence, it is likely that the production of mucus was not affected and that nonspecific protection of porcine intestines provided by mucus layer was not compromised following peroral immunization against PWC. Also, presumably the anti-inflammatory effect of levamisole was observed as the population of ileal mast cells was not considerably affected by non-specific/specific immunization and challenge infection.Kolibaciloza odbijene prasadi (KOP) etiološki je složena bolest, najčešće izazvana svinjskim F4ac+ enterotoksigenim sojevima bakterije Escherichia coli (ETEC), za koju nema djelotvorne vakcine. Namjera ovoga rada bila je da se utvrdi imunomodulacijski učinak levamisola, u kombinaciji sa specifičnom intragastričnom imunizacijom odbijene prasadi pokusnim vakcinalnim F4ac+ ne-ETEC sojem, na populaciju crijevnih vrčastih stanica (VS). Prasad je bila imunizirana F4ac+ ne-ETEC sojem u kombinaciji s levamisolom ili bez njega, sedam dana nakon toga bila je izazivački inficirana F4ac+ ETEC sojem, a 14 dana nakon imunizacije bila je usmrćena radi uzimanja uzoraka crijeva za imunohistokemijske i morfometrijske analize. Uzorci ileuma testirani su na prisutnost kiselih i neutralnih ugljikohidrata, sastavnica sluzi koju proizvode i izlučuju VS. Volumna gustoća (Vg) VS koje se boje kombinacijom alcijanskoga modrila (AM) i periodičnoga kiseloga Schiffovoga (PKS) reagensa određivana je pomoću stereologijske metode brojanja točaka. Vg ilealnih PKS+ VS bila je najniža (0,130 ± 0,075 mm3) u prasadi imunizirane pokusnim vakcinalnim F4ac+ ne-ETEC sojem. Međutim, zanimljivo je da je utvrđena najveća Vg AM+/PKS+ VS (0,262 ± 0,091 mm3) u prasadi iz te skupine. U prasadi iz negativne kontrolne skupine utvrđena je najveća Vg PKS+ VS (0,201 ± 0,064 mm3), dok je prasad iz skupine obrađene levamisolom i vakcinalnim ne-ETEC sojem imala najnižu Vv ukupnih (AM+/PKS+) VS (0,159 ± 0,023 mm3). Primjereno dobivenim rezultatima, nije utvrđen značajan utjecaj nespecifične/specifične imunizacije na neimunosne obrambene mehanizme crijevne sluznice vrednovane temeljem Vg i distribucije VS u odbijene prasadi. Stoga je vrlo vjerojatno da proizvodnja sluzi nije umanjena i da nespecifična zaštita crijeva prasadi slojem sluzi ne bi bila slabija nakon peroralne imunizacije protiv KOP. Također je zapažen potencijalni protuupalni učinak levamisola s obzirom na činjenicu da populacija ilealnih mastocita nije bila znatnije stimulirana nespecifičnom/specifičnom imunizacijom i izazivačkom infekcijom

Učinak sanitacije vimena na higijensku kakvoću mlijeka krava

The aim of this investigation was to determine the significance of udder disinfection before and after milking on the hygienic quality of fresh raw milk in dairy cowherds subject to primary udder hygiene with water. The research was conducted on 4 farms with differing hygienic milk quality, during which three farms (experimental groups) were selected for the assessment of udder disinfection before and after milking and the fourth farm (control group) continued to implement primary hygiene with water in the preparation of udders before milking. The disinfection in the experimental group prior to milking was performed by immerging the teats in a special cup containing active foam, based on surface active compounds, organic acids and hydrogen peroxide and after milking by an agent containing skin care substance and 1.94% linear dodecyl-benzene sulphonic acid (LDBS). Seven individual samplings of milk were performed on each cow in a period of 3 months for determining microorganisms and somatic cells. The samples were delivered to the laboratory, where somatic cell and microorganism count/mL of milk were established with the use of standard methods. According to the data from three experimental groups, a slight decrease in the average somatic cell count and a statistically significant decline of average microorganism count (P<0.01; P<0.05) were recorded in fresh raw milk. Unlike this, the somatic cell count in the control group continually increased, reaching the level of statistical significance (P<0.01), and the microorganism count showed slight oscillations. It was concluded that a change from primary udder hygiene with water to teat disinfection before and after milking significantly decreases average somatic cell and microorganism counts in fresh raw milk and hence improves hygienic milk quality over a certain time period.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi značajnost dezinfekcije vimena prije i poslije mužnje na higijensku kakvoću svježega sirova mlijeka u stadima mliječnih krava, gdje se dotada obavljala samo primarna higijena vimena s vodom. Istraživanje je provedeno na 4 obiteljska gospodarstva s različitom higijenskom kakvoćom mlijeka, pri čemu su za utvrđivanje učinka dezinfekcije vimena prije i poslije mužnje odabrana tri gospodarstva (pokusne skupine), a preostalo četvrto gospodarstvo nastavilo je u pripremi vimena za mužnju koristiti primarnu higijenu vodom (kontrolna skupina). Dezinfekcija prije mužnje na pokusnim skupinama obavljala se uranjanjem sisa u specijalnu čašu s aktivnom pjenom na osnovi površinski aktivnih tvari, organskih kiselina i vodikova peroksida, a dezinfekcija nakon mužnje uranjanjem sisa u sredstvo, koje uz supstanciju za njegu kože sadrži 1,94 %- tnu linearnu dodecyl-benzen-sulfonsku kiselinu (LDBS). Za određivanje somatskih stanica i mikroorganizama ukupno je uzeto sedam pojedinačnih uzoraka mlijeka od svake krave u istraživanju u razdoblju od 3 mjeseca. Nakon uzimanja uzorci su dostavljeni u laboratorij, gdje je standardnim metodama utvrđen broj somatskih stanica i mikroorganizama/ml mlijeka. Prema dobivenim podatcima u tri pokusne skupine zabilježeno je statistički značajno smanjenje oba pokazatelja: broj somatskih stanica smanjio se za 7,68 - 10,12%, a broj mikroorganizama za 23,02 - 24,07%. Za razliku od navedenog, broj somatskih stanica u kontrolnoj skupini je porastao tijekom promatranog razdoblja za 20,97%, uz manje kolebanja u broju mikroorganizama. Zaključeno je da prelazak s primarne higijene vimena vodom na dezinfekciju sisa prije i poslije mužnje kod krava znatno smanjuje prosječan broj somatskih stanica i mikroorganizama u svježem sirovom mlijeku i time poboljšava higijensku kakvoću mlijeka u određenom razdoblju