Elaboración de costo, presupuesto y programación de obra de los sistemas constructivos en acero condrywall y mampostería confinada en laboratorio de suelo, concreto y asfalto ubicado en el plantel batahola, managua, en el año 2023.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo elaborar el costo, presupuesto y programación de obra de los sistemas en acero y mampostería confinada del Laboratorio de Suelo, Concreto y Asfalto en el Plantel Batahola – Alcaldía de Managua cuyo fin sea un control planificado de todos los recursos

7th Drug hypersensitivity meeting: part two

No abstract availabl

Innovación del Diseño para el Desarrollo Social

Una labor de síntesis alrededor de la gran temática de este libro que surge a partir de una serie de reflexiones y propuestas encaminadas desde la innovación del diseño para el desarrollo social, refleja una invitación al lector para enunciar a partir de su lectura nuevas discusiones sobre el quehacer del diseño con una perspectiva de innovación para este tipo de desarrollo, es pues este texto una invitación a enunciar nuevos retos y diálogos partiendo de reconocer al desarrollo social como uno de los pilares fundamentales desde la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) como parte fundamental para garantizar el mejoramiento de la vida de las personas. Desde la disciplina del diseño y retomado como eje para su discusión se pretendería establecer una serie de reflexiones y acciones que permitan atender situaciones para grupos minoritarios y vulnerables, así como apoyar esfuerzos encaminados a mejorar la calidad de vida de los integrantes de grupos y sociedades establecidas y recuperar el patrimonio cultural como parte fundamental de las identidades culturales y por tanto de la historia de la humanidad.A lo largo de la historia, el diseño, en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones, ha estado presente en todos los ámbitos. Se ha convertido en una disciplina que evoluciona al ritmo de las sociedades, que se pone al servicio de las necesidades de mercado pero también de las que requieren un abordaje distinto, observadas desde una mirada que concierne a lo social, entendido éste como lo que se reproduce o se instaura en el colectivo, en el grupo, en las comunidades, en las sociedades como parte significativa de sus cotidianeidades. El Diseño desde esta perspectiva acompaña al ser humano produciendo una significación de los objetos como parte fundamental de sus vidas, que transforma una realidad deseada en una realidad concreta, de aquí la importancia de crear una conciencia social para la praxis laboral de esta disciplina. En este sentido el campo profesional, académico y de investigación del diseño debe ocuparse de crear, difundir y divulgar el quehacer de la misma, manifestando un equilibrio entre conciencia, racionalidad y la realidad. Desde el contexto planteado, la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, a través de su Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño presenta en esta obra una serie de reflexiones en torno al papel que desempeña el diseño humanístico, científico y tecnológico desde un enfoque de vanguardia e innovación para el desarrollo social, como resultado de la experiencia vertida en el Coloquio Internacional de Diseño que organiza éste año este espacio académico, en donde cada una de las aportaciones refleja la experiencia de cada uno de sus participantes; con base en ello, el presente libro integrado por una compilación de trabajos ofrece descripciones, análisis y propuestas que contribuyen a la solución de problemas procurando un desarrollo social

Astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis using CO2-expanded ethanol

Microalgae represent diverse branch of microorganism that can produce a wide range of unique functional ingredients that can be used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and energy. Among them, Haematococcus pluvialis is known for accumulating the highest levels of a potent natural antioxidant, astaxanthin, which has demonstrated positive health effects. Therefore, the aim of numerous studies has been to develop novel and efficient extraction techniques to produce high-quality (purity and antioxidant activity) extracts, while complying with the Green Chemistry Principles. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) emerges as an alternative to organic solvents because of its high selectivity and bioactivity-preserving qualities. Nevertheless, astaxanthin is a large molecule with low solubility in scCO2 that usually requires long extractions at high pressures. Ethanol has been used as co-solvent to increase astaxanthin solubility in scCO2. In this work, a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to study the effects of operating pressure (20-35 MPa), temperature (40-70 °C), and ethanol content in scCO2 (0-13%, w/w) on the yield, astaxanthin content, and antioxidant activity of H. pluvialis extract. Results showed that ethanol content in CO2 has a more significant effect on all responses than pressure and temperature. These results lead us to investigate the effect of a further increase in ethanol content, up to the region of gas-expanded liquids. We studied the effects of temperature (30-60 °C) and ethanol content (50-70%, w/w) at a fixed pressure (7 MPa) on the same response variables using CO2-expanded ethanol (CXE). Results showed that temperature and ethanol content had a significant influence on astaxanthin yield and antioxidant activity. Also, the overall responses of CXE surpassed scCO2 extractions to match conventional extraction with acetone, maintaining high quality extracts, thus validating the use of this new type of green technology for extraction of high-value compounds. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.The authors want to thank Spanish Projects AGL2011-29857-C03-01 and CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00063 FUN-C-FOOD (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and the European project MIRACLES (KBBE.2013.3.2-02: The CO2 algae biorefinery). Fabián A. Reyes would like to thank CONICYT-Chile for supporting his fellowship in CIAL-CSIC, Spain.Peer Reviewe

Energy Metabolism in Cancer: The Roles of STAT3 and STAT5 in the Regulation of Metabolism-Related Genes

A central characteristic of many types of cancer is altered energy metabolism processes such as enhanced glucose uptake and glycolysis and decreased oxidative metabolism. The regulation of energy metabolism is an elaborate process involving regulatory proteins such as HIF (pro-metastatic protein), which reduces oxidative metabolism, and some other proteins such as tumour suppressors that promote oxidative phosphorylation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins play a pivotal role in metabolism regulation. STAT3 and STAT5 are essential regulators of cytokine- or growth factor-induced cell survival and proliferation, as well as the crosstalk between STAT signalling and oxidative metabolism. Several reports suggest that the constitutive activation of STAT proteins promotes glycolysis through the transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factors and therefore, the alteration of mitochondrial activity. It seems that STAT proteins function as an integrative centre for different growth and survival signals for energy and respiratory metabolism. This review summarises the functions of STAT3 and STAT5 in the regulation of some metabolism-related genes and the importance of oxygen in the tumour microenvironment to regulate cell metabolism, particularly in the metabolic pathways that are involved in energy production in cancer cells

Baja California 2012. Participación ciudadana y derrota panista

La democratización del sistema político mexicano tiene su anclaje principal en los procesos electorales. Los comicios competidos son relativamente recientes y concentran la atención y las expectativas ciudadanas, sobre todo cada seis años, cuando coinciden la renovación de los poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo. En 2006 y 2012 la batalla por la Presidencia de la República ha sido fragorosa y ha transforma - do el mapa político tradicional; hoy, tres fuerzas políticas se disputan cada uno de los cargos de representación política. En el caso de Baja California, las novedades provienen de una profunda derrota del partido en el poder desde 1989 y del re - greso de los ciudadanos a las urnas, después de alcanzar niveles de abstención sin precedentes en el resto del país. El Partido Revolucionario Institucional se ha alzado como la primera fuerza en la entidad, pero la segunda posición la ha alcanzado el Movimiento Progresista, desplazando al Partido Acción Nacional hasta el tercer lugar, después de dos décadas de hegemonía

JAK/STAT Signaling and Cervical Cancer: From the Cell Surface to the Nucleus

The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway constitutes a rapid signaling module from the cell surface to the nucleus, and activates different cellular responses, such as proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and inflammation. When the JAK/STAT pathway is altered, it contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. STAT proteins play a central role in developing cervical cancer, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling may be necessary to induce tumor cell death. Several cancers show continuous activation of different STATs, including cervical cancer. The constitutive activation of STAT proteins is associated with a poor prognosis and overall survival. The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins E6 and E7 play an essential role in cervical cancer progression, and they activate the JAK/STAT pathway and other signals that induce proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. Moreover, there is a crosstalk between the JAK/STAT signaling cascade with other signaling pathways, where a plethora of different proteins activate to induce gene transcription and cell responses that contribute to tumor growth. Therefore, inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway shows promise as a new target in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of the JAK/STAT pathway components and the role of the HPV oncoproteins associated with cellular malignancy through the JAK/STAT proteins and other signaling pathways to induce tumor growth

Gas expanded liquids (GXLs) as new solvents for bioactives extraction

Resumen del trabajo presentado al XIII Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Society of Chromatography and Related Techniques celebrado en Tenerife (España) del 8 al 11 de octubre de 2013.Haematococcus pluvialis is a microalgae known for accumulating the highest levels of a potent natural antioxidant, astaxanthin, that has demonstrated positive health effects. Therefore, numerous studies have focus on the development of novel and efficient extraction techniques that are in agreement with the strong demands in terms of quality of the extracts (purity and antioxidant activity), while complying with the Green Chemistry Principles. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) emerges as an alternative to organic solvents because of its high selectivity and bioactivity-preserving qualities. Nevertheless, astaxanthin is a large molecule with low solubility in scCO2 that usually requires high pressures, long extraction times and a necessary pretreatment (i.e grinding) of the microalgae. Ethanol has been used as a green co-solvent for greatly improving astaxanthin yield by avoiding the problems faced by the use of pure scCO2. Nonetheless, it is not clear the relationship that exists between other extraction factors such as pressure and temperature. In this study we used a Box Behnken experimental design (BBD) that investigated the effects of operating pressure (200-350 bar), temperature (40-70 ºC) and modifier (0-13 %w/w Ethanol) on scCO2 extraction of oleoresin yield, astaxanthin yield and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The experimental design showed that for all response variables the modifier effect was the most significant factor over pressure and temperature. These results lead us to investigate the effects of a further increase in the modifier content, up to the region of gas-expanded liquids (GXL). GXLs have shown to have improved mass transfer through reduced viscosity, increased solute diffusivity and decreased interfacial tension.We studied the effect of temperature (30-60 ºC) and modifier (50-70%) at a fixed pressure (70 bar) on the same response variables. Results showed that increasing temperature generally worsened the recovery of astaxanthin and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Still, low temperatures and 50% w/w of modifier could achieve more than 90% of recovery of astaxanthin within 2 hours of extraction. Furthermore, in the case of 45ºC and 50% w/w of modifier the recovery of astaxanthin surpassed the recovery achieved by a conventional acetone extraction, hence, validating the use of this new type of green technology for extraction of high valued compounds.Peer Reviewe

Preclinical studies for a cationic liposome formulation containing Il-2 Intended for the treatment of Human Tumors

Human cervical cancer tumours expressing the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were induced in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. The tumours were significantly reduced by the i.p. administration of either free IL-2 or liposomes containing this growth factor. No toxicity was observed in the mice even at the highest doses of IL-2 in liposomes. We did not detect any IL-2 in the blood plasma pointing to a strong retention of the liposomes on the cavity. We concluded that this preclinical study for the treatment of tumours expressing IL-2R in the peritoneal cavity is effective and safe. The liposomes were stable and their IL-2 active for up to one year when kept at -14oC in a cryopreservation media approved by the FDA for human use