Middle East’s Environmental Contamination and Responsibilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran Regarding Compensation of Environmental Damages (Haze and Water Contaminations)

Environmental destruction currently is considered as a worldly issue. However, in the geopolitical area of Middle East, this problem is more severe. Existing indications show that environmental damages are among very important challenges of this area. Contamination of water and soil resources in the Middle East is also on the rise. This problem is occurring while deficiencies of these two vital elements are quite obvious. Besides being contaminated, the Middle East’s water resources are subsiding. So many countries will encounter problems in the future.  Political instability, frequent political changes that are accompanied by contentions and wars and poverty in the Middle East area are factors that give rise to continuation of environmental destruction in this zone. In addition to addressing how environmental contamination occurs in the Middle East, this paper attempts to explain the Islamic Republic of Iran’s responsibilities regarding compensation of environmental contamination in this zone. Of course in this paper, damages caused by water contamination and damages raised by haze are more emphasized

Middle East’s Environmental Contamination and Responsibilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran Regarding Compensation of Environmental Damages (Haze and Water Contaminations)

Environmental destruction currently is considered as a worldly issue. However, in the geopolitical area of Middle East, this problem is more severe. Existing indications show that environmental damages are among very important challenges of this area. Contamination of water and soil resources in the Middle East is also on the rise. This problem is occurring while deficiencies of these two vital elements are quite obvious. Besides being contaminated, the Middle East’s water resources are subsiding. So many countries will encounter problems in the future.  Political instability, frequent political changes that are accompanied by contentions and wars and poverty in the Middle East area are factors that give rise to continuation of environmental destruction in this zone. In addition to addressing how environmental contamination occurs in the Middle East, this paper attempts to explain the Islamic Republic of Iran’s responsibilities regarding compensation of environmental contamination in this zone. Of course in this paper, damages caused by water contamination and damages raised by haze are more emphasized

Middle East’s Environmental Contamination and Responsibilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran Regarding Compensation of Environmental Damages (Haze and Water Contaminations)

Environmental destruction currently is considered as a worldly issue. However, in the geopolitical area of Middle East, this problem is more severe. Existing indications show that environmental damages are among very important challenges of this area. Contamination of water and soil resources in the Middle East is also on the rise. This problem is occurring while deficiencies of these two vital elements are quite obvious. Besides being contaminated, the Middle East’s water resources are subsiding. So many countries will encounter problems in the future.  Political instability, frequent political changes that are accompanied by contentions and wars and poverty in the Middle East area are factors that give rise to continuation of environmental destruction in this zone. In addition to addressing how environmental contamination occurs in the Middle East, this paper attempts to explain the Islamic Republic of Iran’s responsibilities regarding compensation of environmental contamination in this zone. Of course in this paper, damages caused by water contamination and damages raised by haze are more emphasized

Trade Unions and the Rise of Contingent Labour in the United Kingdom: Challenges, Opportunities and the Trade Union Response

This thesis is a rigorous empirical investigation into the trade union response to contingent labour in the United Kingdom. It contributes to knowledge and understanding about trade union strategies and methods directed towards contingent workers and casts light on challenges and opportunities posed to trade unions by the rise of contingent labour. The thesis challenges a dual labour market theory that rests on the assumption that labour markets are structured homogeneously into primary and secondary segments populated by contingent workers and standard employees respectively. It demonstrates explicitly that at least within trade union membership dynamic converging and diverging tendencies between primary and secondary segments distort a frontier between them and thereby affect employee behaviours. This has profound implications for trade unions, as their responses to contingent labour are still predicated upon the existence of dichotomous labour markets. The thesis uncovered internal inconsistency of strategies and methods employed by trade unions such that instead of being inherently inclusive they appear to be rather pragmatic and driven by dynamic tendencies between the membership segments. In general, trade unions confronted with a diverging tendency between their primary and secondary membership segments struggled to articulate systematic responses to contingent work. This occurred because trade unions have yet to address challenges emanating from such dynamic processes, especially in relation to the differences between contingent workers’ and standard employees’ attitudes towards trade unions. Taken together, these findings suggest that cohesion and inclusiveness of trade union responses to contingent labour depend largely on the trade unions’ ability to absorb converging and diverging tendencies between their membership segments

Simulation of Synthesis Gas Production by Using a Plasma Reactor

There are multiple methods for producing synthesis gas and one of the most important of these methods is dry reforming in which two preparations of carbon dioxide and methane are converted into synthesis gas. Carbon dioxide as one of the destructive environmental factors and methane as the main component of natural gas exist in copious amounts in the world, especially in Iran, which has the second largest gas resources of the world after Russia. Therefore, the importance of this method is in converting pollutants into an intermediate substance known as synthesis gas which has considerable applications. In this study, first, synthesis gas production by using dry reforming with the use of plasma technology is studied and for this purpose, glow electric discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure with DC power supply was used. Feed flow rate and the distance between the electrodes were studied as the parameters. In addition, voltage effect on optimal conditions was studied as well. Next, by using fluent software, dynamic simulation of computational fluid of this system was performed which gives us velocity and pressure distributions in the system. For optimization of laboratory conditions, it was assumed that our system has two incoming paths instead of one and the results obtained from this assumption showed that this assumption increases the residence time of the material between the two electrodes which in turn increases the percentage of conversion

Simulation of Synthesis Gas Production by Using a Plasma Reactor

There are multiple methods for producing synthesis gas and one of the most important of these methods is dry reforming in which two preparations of carbon dioxide and methane are converted into synthesis gas. Carbon dioxide as one of the destructive environmental factors and methane as the main component of natural gas exist in copious amounts in the world, especially in Iran, which has the second largest gas resources of the world after Russia. Therefore, the importance of this method is in converting pollutants into an intermediate substance known as synthesis gas which has considerable applications. In this study, first, synthesis gas production by using dry reforming with the use of plasma technology is studied and for this purpose, glow electric discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure with DC power supply was used. Feed flow rate and the distance between the electrodes were studied as the parameters. In addition, voltage effect on optimal conditions was studied as well. Next, by using fluent software, dynamic simulation of computational fluid of this system was performed which gives us velocity and pressure distributions in the system. For optimization of laboratory conditions, it was assumed that our system has two incoming paths instead of one and the results obtained from this assumption showed that this assumption increases the residence time of the material between the two electrodes which in turn increases the percentage of conversion

Effectiveness of Stress Management on Mental Health of Divorced Women

AbstractPsychological interventions may improve the Mental health in divorced Women. This study is aimed to assess the efficacy of cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) group education on improvement of mental health of divorced women. This study is a quasi-experimental design with pre-post test and follow-up stages. The sample consisted of 42 divorced women selected and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (n=21). The experimental group administered 8 sessions of stress management 2hours weekly. After the intervention, scores in the experimental group showed significantly higher increase when compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). So these results indicated that stress management is considered as an important part of the treatment

Sylvia Plath's “Mirror” and Forough Farrokhzad’s “The Bird May Die” Comparative Analysis from a Mystical Perspective

Sylvia Plath’s mirror and Forough Farrokhzad’s the bird may die are two of the best known poems in the aspect of femininity, fighting for feminine rights and equality. The two poets though living distances apart, respectively in America and Iran, had the same poetic perspectives. These poems can be viewed in the aspect of mysticism and mystical state. The term mysticism defined by William James and Frederick Crossfield Happold, is a state of mind experiencing the finding of the hidden truth and the true self. Many have said that the poem mirror dictates the feministic aspect of Sylvia Plath's life, and how women are visualized or valued by men, or that the poem demonstrates the aging of Plath into a wise and old woman. In this paper however we aim to introduce another perspective in which claims Sylvia Plath's mirror seeks mysticism and finding the true self. The narrator in the poem, first a mirror and then a lake, thinks its reflections out loud. This paper also aims to relate this matter to Forough Farrokhzad's poem the bird may die, a poem believed by critics to state the sufferings from social injustice of her time, though now seen through mystical spectacles. In the poem Farrokhzad declares her sorrow of darkness, and seeks an invitation to the birds’ feast. Furthermore, this paper briefly introduces the troubled life of the two poets demonstrating the similarities of their situation and circumstances, and the effect of these difficulties on their poetry. On this paper first mysticism, it’s definition and theoretical studies by William James and Frederick Crossfield Happold are introduced, followed by a brief biography of Sylvia Plath and Forough Farrokhzad, stating the difficulties and problems they encountered, and then the mystical analysis of the two poems, analyzing each line for elements, metaphors, and symbolic features through a mystical point of view, are indicated accordingly. The bird, mirror, lake, night, water, fish, moon, and sun are all signs and symbols the poets used to demonstrate seeking mysticism, reality, and finding the true self, and also the obstacles which prevents them to do so. These two poems were the latest works of the poets, before they committed suicide

A Cross-sectional Study on Power Density of Non-ionizing Radiation and the Incidence of Related Adverse Health Effects in Zabol

Introduction: Increased use of wireless devices and networks such as mobile phones has increased exposure to non-ionizing radiation. Since wireless devices are a distinct part of the ongoing technology, the benefits of applications must outweigh the associated risks so that the developments can take place. In this questionnaire-based study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of non-ionizing radiation from mobile phone base transceiver station (BTS) antennae on the Zabol inhabitants’ health. Methods: In this study, 349 volunteers (186 men and 163 women) inhabiting in Zabol, Iran, were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire from April 2019 to June 2021. The questionnaire included information about age, sex, education, time of residence, and the emergence of symptoms such as cardiovascular problems, weight loss, depression, sleep disturbance, nervousness, and hearing disturbances. The power density of non-ionizing radiation in the living place of the volunteers was measured by an Electro Smog Meter (TES-92 TES Instruments Taiwan). Results: Results showed that the frequency of complaints increased by enhancing the power density for most of the studied symptoms, and in some cases (e.g., irritability, P600 μW/m2 (P<0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that inhabitants should not live in locations where the power density is higher than 600 μW/m2 to minimize the risk of radiation-induced symptoms