ELBA BIOFLUX

Abstract. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined supplementation of peptidoglycan and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) in tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Tiger shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets supplemented with different levels of peptidoglycan + (MOS) as immunostimulants for six (6) and eight (8) weeks. Four (4) experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% peptidoglycan + MOS. The feeding trial was conducted in 250 L capacity concrete circular tanks (replicated four (4) times) with 20 shrimp per tank. Growth, survival, respiratory burst activity, total hemocyte count (THC), and in vivo resistance to WSV infection were evaluated. Weight gain of the shrimp was significantly higher in the immunostimulant-fed groups compared to the control. However, different levels of the immunostimulants did not differ in their effect on the the growth of the shrimp. On the other hand, respiratory burst activity and total haemocyte count (THC) were significantly higher in the group supplemented with 0.2% peptidoglycan + MOS than the rest of the treatments. Likewise, survival after infection with White Spot Virus (WSV) was significantly increased in the 0.2% peptidoglycan + MOS compared to the other groups. The present results demonstrated that using peptidoglycan and MOS together at 0.2% of the diet improves growth, activates immune responses such as respiratory burst activity and THC in P. monodon and give better protection to the shrimp against WSV infection

Treatment of shrimp pond effluents by sedimentation and by seaweed and mussel biofiltration

Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon were stocked in three 1,000 m2 ponds at 12,000 juveniles/pond and grown for 141 days. Water quality in the ponds was monitored over the grow-out period, particularly before and after every water change. BOD, chlorophyll a, and total dissolved solids of the effluent increased over the grow-out period due to increased biomass and feed input. Similar trends were observed for inorganic nitrogen, reactive phosphorus, total suspended solids, and hydrogen sulfide. Concentrations decreased after draining and reflooding. Soil samples also showed increases in organic matter available phosphate, carbon, and nitrogen content over the grow-out period. Effluents from semi-intensive shrimp ponds were discharged into eight treatment ponds (each 200 m2): three sedimentation ponds, three with Gracilaria stocked at 20 kg/pond, and two with mussels stocked at 10/m2. Measurements were made of pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, reactive phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids in the water in the treatment ponds after effluent addition, one week and two weeks later, and before draining. Soil pH, organic matter, and phosphorus were also analyzed every two weeks. The changes in these variables were similar among the three treatments in the eight ponds. In this study, water quality of effluents improved after one week in the treatment ponds

The use of potassium permanganate against trichodiniasis on milkfish (Chanos chanos) fingerlings

Trichodiniasis was noted in an intensive milkfish (Chanos chanos) nursery pond in Dumangas, Iloilo, Philippines. It was predominantly caused by a small trichodinid species (body diameter=23-29 µm) with well-developed denticles, identified as Paratrichodina sp. The trichodinid infection resulted in proliferative changes, including clubbing and epithelial hyperplasis of the gill lamellae sufficient to disrupt respiratory function. Tolerance tests of milkfish fingerlings in an earthen pond-simulated environment resulted in a 24 h TL90 value of 1.98 ± 0.25 ppm KMnO4. A treatment of 1.0 ppm KMnO4 was highly efficacious (96%) in eliminating trichodinids on gills with minimal mortality of treated milkfish observed 24 hours post-treatment

Effects of Partial Replacement of Fish Meal by Fermented Copra Meal on the Growth and Feed Efficiency in Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon

The potential of fermented copra meal (FCM) as an alternative to fish meal as a protein source for tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon practical diet was evaluated. Five isonitrogenous (41% crude protein) diets with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% fish meal protein replaced with protein from FCM were formulated. P. monodon (average weight 0.38 ± 0.02 g) were distributed in 100 L capacity fiberglass tanks at 20 shrimp each. The diets were fed 4 times daily for 9 weeks initially at 15% of the shrimp ABW and reduced to 8%. The experiment was conducted in triplicate in a flow-through culture system. The parameters examined include growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, whole body nutrient composition, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein productive value (PPV) as a measure of protein retention. After the feeding trial, results demonstrated that regardless of the FCM replacement level in the diet, no significant differences were observed in all the parameters (growth, FCR, survival, whole body nutrient composition, PER and PPV) measured. Thus, fermented copra meal can be used as alternative protein source and can replace up to 40% of the fish meal protein in black tiger shrimp practical diet

Vibrio harveyi-like bacteria associated with fin rot in farmed milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal) fingerlings in the Philippines

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is a commercially important species widely cultured and consumed in the Philippines. It is a hardy fish but due to culture intensification, occurrence of bacterial disease is inevitable. The causative agent of fin rot disease in milkfish fingerlings (total length [TL] = 2.8–4.5 cm) reared in intensive nursery earthen ponds in the Philippines was investigated in the current study. Following biochemical characterization tests and 16S rRNA sequencing, seven isolates recovered from affected fish were identified as Vibrio harveyi-like bacteria. Immersion challenge of milkfish (TL = 5.64 ± 0.76 cm) using a representative strain (CCL-01) at inoculum dose of 108 CFU/mL resulted in fin rot as early as 1-day post-infection (dpi) and concomitant mortalities of 57% ± 0.58 at 7 dpi. Moreover, when milkfish (TL = 6.18 ± 0.66 cm) stocked at 5, 10, and 20 fish/5 L were exposed to the computed 168-h lethal dose (LD50) at 6.63 × 104 CFU/mL, significant mean mortality of 45% ± 1.0 coupled with typical signs of fin rot were particularly obtained in fish stocked at 20 fish/5 L (biomass = 4 g/L) while low mortality of 0% and 7% ± 0.58 were recorded in fish stocked at 5 fish/5 L and 10 fish/5 L, respectively, at 7 dpi. Vibrio harveyi-like bacteria was reisolated in lesions and kidney of all challenged fish while none in any of the control fish. The current data clearly indicate that the isolated V. harveyi-like bacteria is an opportunistic pathogen capable of instigating disease epizootics in milkfish fingerlings stocked at higher densities.This study was funded by the Department of Science and Technology through the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) under the UPV-DOST Milkfish Program A. Also, Oversea Feeds Corporation, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department and Dr. Carlo Lazado are greatly acknowledged for the milkfish samples, use of the research facilities and valuable inputs in editing an earlier draft of the paper, respectively

ABAH BIOFLUX Animal Biology & Animal Husbandry International Journal of the Bioflux Society Dried Enteromorpha intestinalis could partially replace soybean meal in the diet of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract. This study aimed at evaluating raw dried Enteromorpha intestinalis to replace partially soybean meal in the diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry. For 90 days fish fry were fed diets containing 0, 15 and 30 % replacement of soybean meal with the dried seaweed by weight, the replacement represented an equivalent to 0, 3.1 and 6.2 % soybean protein replacement. Results showed that survival for all treatments were statistically similar, quite high (93 -96 %) and were independent of dietary treatment (P>0.05). Weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake of O. niloticus fry fed on diet containing 15 % replacement were snot significantly different (P>0.05) with those fed with the control diet. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) of tilapia fed the experimental diets were excellent (1.0 -1.1) and were not significantly different (P≥0.05) from each other. It is concluded that 15 % replacement by weight of soybean meal with the raw dried E. intestinalis in the Nile tilapia fry or fingerling diet could be used to lessen the cost of the formulated feeds since it did not have any adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of the fish

Health management of milkfish Chanos chanos

This monograph provides updated information on diseases of marine and brackishwater cultured milkfish in the Philippines. The information presented here is largely based on the results of a three-year research project on milkfish at the University of the Philippines Visayas funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The project involved surveillance and monitoring of hatchery, nursery and grow-out operations for occurrence of diseases as well as on disease diagnosis, prevention and control. Previously documented reports in the Philippines and in other documents, both published and unpublished, are also included in this monograph. The diseases are discussed on a culture phase basis, that is, disease problems encountered in hatchery-reared larvae and fry are listed first, followed by diseases observed in fingerlings and juveniles grown in nursery and grow-out culture areas, and adult stages maintained in broodstock facilities. Information regarding the causative agent, diagnostic procedures, and methods of prevention and control for each disease are provided, if available

Improved resistance against White Spot Virus (WSV) infection in tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon by combined supplementation of peptidoglycan and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS)

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined supplementation of peptidoglycan and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) in tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Tiger shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets supplemented with different levels of peptidoglycan + (MOS) as immunostimulants for six (6) and eight (8) weeks. Four (4) experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% peptidoglycan + MOS. The feeding trial was conducted in 250 L capacity concrete circular tanks (replicated four (4) times) with 20 shrimp per tank. Growth, survival, respiratory burst activity, total hemocyte count (THC), and in vivo resistance to WSV infection were evaluated. Weight gain of the shrimp was significantly higher in the immunostimulant-fed groups compared to the control. However, different levels of the immunostimulants did not differ in their effect on the the growth of the shrimp. On the other hand, respiratory burst activity and total haemocyte count (THC) were significantly higher in the group supplemented with 0.2% peptidoglycan + MOS than the rest of the treatments. Likewise, survival after infection with White Spot Virus (WSV) was significantly increased in the 0.2% peptidoglycan + MOS compared to the other groups. The present results demonstrated that using peptidoglycan and MOS together at 0.2% of the diet improves growth, activates immune responses such as respiratory burst activity and THC in P. monodon and give better protection to the shrimp against WSV infection.This study was fully supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) through the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD). Likewise, SEAFDEC AQD and Chemoforma Ltd. are gratefully acknowledged for the use of research facilities, and for supplying the immunostimulant, respectively

Development and management of milkfish broodstock

The manual provides developed and refined techniques for collection and transport of spawned eggs and larvae, as well as larval rearing. It also describes the necessary facilities for maintaining milkfish broodstock. Guidelines on transporting broodstock, performing biopsy to determine sex of spawners, collecting and cleaning eggs, packing and transporting eggs to hatchery, incubating and hatching eggs, and packing and transporting of larvae are also provided in the manual. The importance of nutritional quality of the diet in relation to the performance of the milkfish broodstock and quality of resulting eggs and larvae is also explained in the manual. Broodstock feeds are enriched with vitamin C, beta-carotene, and other nutrients for better reproductive performance of broodstock and better egg and larval quality. It also offers formula to initially estimate the number of spawned eggs and determine the hatching rate. The manual guides stakeholders and operators who are interested in setting up breeding facilities for milkfish