Anaplasia reflection in the future tense formation of the germanic languages

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/APULTP.2022.45.65-80 The purpose of this article is to separate grammatical structures that demonstrate the development of the future tense forms in the Germanic languages. The first step of research includes the identification of word forms for temporal description. Gradual identification of primitive analytical forms gives the possibility of tracing the gradual analytisation of the corresponding word combinations and their further transformation into stable analytical verb structures. Finding out latent features helps to recognize differentiated grammatical forms that are used to create and build the set of the formal Germanic future tense structures. The subject of the research is the components used to form temporal verb forms that project the action into the future. The Gothic language, which is understood as the initial, primary stage for the research, used forms of the present tense to describe the future action involving a phrase or an upper phrase context. Within the present tense forms a prefixal word-formation model was found. The Gothic optative was involved to render the future tense. The weak models of Gothic analytisation are connected with the infinitive phrase and auxiliary verb haban. Combination of auxiliary verbs with verbals (infinitive or participle I) were found in the North and West Germanic languages. These verb combinations involved a very restricted set of notional verbs used in two verbal forms. The first element of the phrase that falls under the process of future grammaticalization was preterite-present verbs, inchoative and some durative verbs. Stability of primary analytical temporal forms was created by using only two variants of verbals (infinitive or participle I). The first component of analytical temporal forms gradually lost its primary lexical meaning through its transformation into the auxiliary element. In the process of further differentiation of the Germanic languages some peculiarities were traced. The German language did not develop individual analytical forms with preterite-present (modal) verbs. Other West Germanic and Scandinavian languages used preterite-present (modal) verbs as a leading mechanism for temporal analytisation. Creation of analytical temporal forms happened within twofold formats. Key words: agenesia, analytical form, anaplasia, preterite-present verb, synthetic form, twofold format. Information about the authors: Valeria Valeriivna Bondarenko – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor at the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Botsman Andriy Vasylovych – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor at the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Dmytruk Olha Victorivna – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor at the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]   REFERENCES Behaghel, O. (1924). Die Deutsche Syntax. Bd. II; 4-te Buch. Heidelberg: Gross, 6985 s. [in German]. Blackburn, F. (1892). English Future, its origin and development. Leipzig: Nijhoff, 278 p. [in English]. Braune, W. (2004). Althochdeutsche Grammatik I: Laut-und Formenlehre. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 436 s. [in German]. Dal, J. (1951). Zur Entsehurg des englischen Part. Praes.aufing. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. Uppsala – Wiesbaden, 16, 16-32 [in German]. Gotti, M. (2003). Shall and will in contemporary English: A Comparison with past uses. Modality in contemporary English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 267-300 [in English]. Gries, St. Th. (2006). Some proposals towards more rigorous corpus linguistics. Zaitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 54 (2), 191-202 [in English]. Hilpert, M. (2006). A synchronic perspective on the grammaticalization of Swedish future constructions. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 29 (2), 151-173 [in English]. Kurrelmeyewr, K. (1904). The Historical Development of the forms of the Future Tense in Middle High German. Strassburg: Gross, 386 p. [in English]. Schmid, H.U. (2000). Die Ausbildung des warden – Futurs. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 67 (1), 6-27 [in German]. Wischer, I., Diewald, G. (2002). New Reflections on Grammaticalization, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 246 p. [in English]. Ziegeler, D. (2006). Omnitemporal will. Language Sciences, 28 (1), 76-119 [in English].   SOURCES B.v.R. – Borthold von Regensburg. Vollständige Ausgaba seiner Predigten mit Anmerkungenund Wörterbuch, Bd. l. Hrsg. Von F. Pfeiffer. Wien, 1862. 348 s. Dav.-v-Augs. – Bruder David von Augsburg. Deutsche Mysticker des vierzehnten Jahrn, Bd. 1. Göttingen, 1906 – 1907. 428 s. Cur. Pastor. – King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care. Ed. By H. Sweet, EETS, #45, 50. L., 1871 – 1872. 210 p. IW – Iwen. – Des Minnesangs Frühling, 33. Aufl. nach K.  Lachmann, M. Haupt und Fr.Vogt. Neu Bearbeiten von C. von Kraus. Leippzig, 1964. 282 s. Ls – Locasenna – Edda – Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. Hrsg. Von. G. Neckel, 4 umgearb. Aufl. Von H. Kuhl. Heidelberg, 1962. 684 s. Tat. – Tatian. Hrsg. Von Sievers. Paderborn, 1892. 226 s. MT – The Gospel of Saint Matthew in West-Saxon. Boston, 1904. 176 p. Orm. – The Ormulum. Ed. By R. Holt. Oxford, 1878. 310 p. Bib. – Streitberg, W. 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Increasing the radioshielding properties of construction materials in the microwave range

Introduction. The intensive development of technology in the modern world is accompanied by the origin of new types of manmade hazards, one of which is microwave radiation. Despite the considerable range of protective materials, not all of them are suitable for construction purposes. The main obstacle to their use is their high cost, and integrating them into the main types of wall construction materials would require significant changes to their production processes. The most practical and reasonable way to solve the issue is to introduce special additives into concretes and mortars traditionally used for the production of building products. The paper examines the effect of additives of fine-dispersed black carbon and aluminum powder in the composition of cement and gypsum matrices on radio shielding properties in the frequency range 1800–2800 MHz. Materials and methods. Black carbon powder was added to cement and gypsum paste in dosages of 0, 2.5, 5%, aluminum powder was added to gypsum paste in dosages of 0, 2.5, 5%. Superabsorbent polymers pre-saturated with water have been studied. Radio shielding properties have been studied on a designed experimental laboratory installation using a vector circuit analyzer NanoVNA. Results and discussion. The influence of black carbon and aluminum powder additives on the strength and microwave protective properties of gypsum and cement stone is considered. It is found that the addition of black carbon in an amount of up to 3–3.5% of the cement weight shows a neutral effect on the strength of cement stone, providing a decrease in the signal level of about 50% (–6 dB) observed in the ranges 1800–2100 MHz and 2300–2650 MHz, which makes this additive promising for solving the highlighted task. When additives are introduced into the gypsum matrix, the addition of black carbon reduces the radiation level to 60% (–8 dB), and aluminum powder to 69% (–10 dB) in a dosage of no more than 5% of the mass fraction of the binder on samples with a thickness of 3 cm. However, the additives considered have a noticeable negative effect on the strength characteristics of gypsum stone, which allows recommending the use of only black carbon in an amount of no more than 2.5% to obtain products that do not require high strength. Conclusion. The problems of creating construction materials to reduce the level of microwave radiation in the studied frequency range are outlined. Data have been obtained on increasing the shielding ability of cement and gypsum binders with the use of additive

Predictability of Scrub Typhus Incidences Time Series in Thailand

Scrub typhus, an infectious disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by “chigger” mites, constitutes a public health problem in Thailand. Predicting epidemic peaks would allow implementing preventive measures locally. This study analyses the predictability of the time series of incidence of scrub typhus aggregated at the provincial level. After stationarizing the time series, the evaluation of the Hurst exponents indicates the provinces where the epidemiological dynamics present a long memory and are predictable. The predictive performances of ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average model), ARFIMA (autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average) and fractional Brownian motion models are evaluated. The results constitute the reference level for the predictability of the incidence data of this zoonosis

The algorithm for the analysis of combined chaotic-stochastic processes

International audienceMany physical, chemical or sometimes financial phenomena are considered as being only chaotic, or purely stochastic. However a deeper understanding of the inherent nature of these processes sometimes exhibits both deterministic and stochastic features. The original idea of the paper is to find new models taking into account both behaviors, stochastic and chaotic, in order to understand and predict better the real physical phenomena, but also to model data for different applications such as biomedical or financial processes. The hypothesis about the approximation of the real data by fractional Brownian motion has been validated based on statistics, and the estimation of the Hurst exponent successfully characterized the agressiveness of the chaotic component

Incidence de Maladies infectieuses: analyse et prédiction

International audienc

Predictability of Scrub Typhus Incidences Time Series in Thailand

International audienceScrub typhus, an infectious disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by “chigger” mites, constitutes a public health problem in Thailand. Predicting epidemic peaks would allow implementing preventive measures locally. This study analyses the predictability of the time series of incidence of scrub typhus aggregated at the provincial level. After stationarizing the time series, the evaluation of the Hurst exponents indicates the provinces where the epidemiological dynamics present a long memory and are predictable. The predictive performances of ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average model), ARFIMA (autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average) and fractional Brownian motion models are evaluated. The results constitute the reference level for the predictability of the incidence data of this zoonosis

Incidence de Maladies infectieuses: analyse et prédiction

International audienc

Порошкоподібна комбінація з антисептичними та бар’єрними властивостями для лікування ран: аспекти безпеки й ефективності

Chronic wounds treatment is a huge problem for the health care of all countries both in the economic aspect (annual costs reach $ 9 billion) and in the time spent by medical personnel to organize adequate long-term monitoring of this category of patients. A variety of etiological, systemic, and local factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of a chronic wound. The situation is aggravated by the fact that with every year the resistance of microorganisms to the widest range of antibiotics is growing. The desire to reduce healthcare costs while improving outcomes drives search for new methods to replace traditional antibiotics. In recent decades, the effectiveness of the use of adsorbents of various nature, biopolymers, cationic surfactants, and various forms of silver for the treatment of wounds has been reassessed. The objective of this review is to summarize the accumulated data of clinical and preclinical studies of substances widely used in medical devices for wound healing: silver, chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, and kaolin. The search for alternative medicines for wound healing showed that the most encouraging results regarding multidirectional antimicrobial activity and high safety of use were shown by medicines based on silver, chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, and kaolin ions. Combinations of these compounds in one medical device allowed to achieve the optimal effect, which was confirmed by clinical trials of Kadermin (Kadefort).Лечение хронических ран является огромной проблемой для здравоохранения всех стран как в экономическом аспекте (ежегодные расходы достигают 9 млрд долл.), так и с точки зрения времени, затраченного медицинским персоналом на организацию адекватного длительного мониторинга этой категории пациентов. В патогенез хронической раны могут быть вовлечены различные этиологические, системные и местные факторы. Ситуацию усугубляет тот факт, что с каждым годом резистентность микроорганизмов к самому широкому кругу антибиотиков возрастает. Стремление сократить расходы на здравоохранение при одновременном улучшении результатов лечения обусловливает поиск новых методов замены традиционных антибиотиков. В последние десятилетия доказана значительная эффективность использования адсорбентов различной природы, биополимеров, катионных поверхностно-активных веществ и различных форм серебра для лечения ран. Цель этого обзора – обобщить накопленные данные клинических и доклинических исследований веществ, которые широко используются в медицинских средствах: серебра, хлоргексидина, гиалуроновой кислоты и каолина. Поиск альтернативных лекарственных средств для заживления ран показал, что наиболее обнадеживающие результаты относительно разнонаправленной антимикробной активности и высокой безопасности использования показали медицинские средства на основе ионов серебра, хлоргексидина, гиалуроновой кислоты и каолина. Сочетание этих соединений в одном медицинском средстве позволило достичь оптимального эффекта, что было подтверждено клиническими испытаниями Kadermin и Kadefort.Лікування хронічних ран є величезною проблемою для охорони здоров’я всіх країн як в економічному аспекті (щорічні витрати сягають 9 млрд дол.), так і з точки зору часу, витраченого медичним персоналом на організацію адекватного тривалого моніторин­гу цієї категорії пацієнтів. У патогенезі хронічної рани можуть бути задіяні різноманітні етіологічні, системні та місцеві фактори. Ситуацію погіршує той факт, що з кожним роком резистентність мікроорганізмів до найширшого кола антибіотиків зростає. Прагнення скоротити витрати на охорону здоров’я при одночасному поліпшенні результатів лікування зумовлює пошук нових методів заміни традиційних антибіотиків. В останні десятиліття доведена значна ефективність використання адсорбентів різної природи, біо­полімерів, катіонних поверхнево-активних речовин і різних форм срібла для лікування ран. Мета цього огляду – узагальнити накопичені дані клінічних і доклінічних досліджень речовин, які широко використовуються в медичних засобах: срібла, хлоргексидину, гіалуронової кислоти та каоліну. Пошук альтернативних лікарських засобів для загоєння ран показав, що найбільш обнадійливі результати щодо різноспрямованої антимікробної активності та високої безпеки використання показали медичні засоби на основі іонів срібла, хлоргексидину, гіалуронової кислоти та каоліну. Поєднання цих сполук в одному медичному засобі дало можливість досягти оптимального ефекту, що було підтверджено клінічними випробуваннями Kadermin і Kadefort