Specific manifestation of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on crop losses

Background. Enzymomycotic depletion of grain leads to a significant decrease in the dry matter mass of the grain, as the intensity of respiration increases, protein substances break down, enzymes (in particular, α-amylase) pass from the adsorbed form to the water-soluble one, and their activity increases sharply. One of the consequences of this is the intensive amylolysis of starch, which means a significant deterioration in the technological indicators of the quality of grain and seeds. Materials and Methods. This study gives a thorough description of the process of enzymomycotic depletion of grain of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sowing rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) depending on abiotic factors and the sources of resistance to ear diseases 4, 8, 12 days after the onset of full ripeness in the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine (2019–2021). Research methods – general scientific, field, measurement and weight, mathematical and statistical. Results and Discussion. According to the obtained results, the dependence of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on abiotic factors was established. The development of ear diseases depended both on weather factors and on the ecological plasticity of the cultivar. The highest percentage of the distribution of ear sepsoria was observed on the 12th day after the onset of full ripeness: wheat – 3.3 %, rye – 2.4 %, triticale – 1.9 %, fusarium, respectively 2.4 %, 1.9 %, 1 %, 8 %. The loss of dry matter in the weight of 1000 grains depended on the ecotype of the cultivar and the duration of the grain stan­ding time 4, 8, and 12 days after full ripeness. Conclusion. The following cultivars were most resistant to EMDG: Oberih Myronivsky (wheat), Kobza (rye), Obrij Myronivsky (triticale); their base seed production profitability rates being 75.1 %, 116.6 %, and 146.8 %, respectively. The results of the study can be used in the selection of varieties of winter grain crops resistant to enzymomycotic grain depletion for the western forest-steppe and Polissya zones of Ukraine, where breeding work on these crops is not carried out and agricultural producers purchase seeds of new varieties from the originating institutions of the central forest-steppe to introduce them into production

Formation of Seed Productivity and Sowing Qualities of Soft Winter Wheat Seeds Depending on the Levels of Mineral Nutrition of Plants in the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Today, considerable attention is paid to the intensification of grain production, which depends on the accelerated introduction of highly productive varietal resources with the preservation of the properties of the variety in the process of further reproduction, the production of high-quality and competitive products for the sub-markets of pre-basic, basic, and certified seeds. Improved technologies for growing soft winter wheat should be based on the effective use of the soil and climatic conditions of the studied region, the biological, the genetic potential of varieties, technological innovations in agrotechnical methods of growing crops and the optimal use of material and technical resources. They should be effective for both the producer and the consumer of seed products. The purpose of the research was to determine the features of the formation of seed productivity and sowing qualities of soft winter wheat seeds, depending on the levels of mineral nutrition of plants in the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The methodological basis consisted of general scientific and special research methods. Studies have established that with the low natural fertility of grey forest surface-gley soils of the Western Forest Steppe and considering climate change towards warming with a decrease in precipitation, the introduction of new more productive varieties of intensive type, complex forms of mineral fertilisers, microfertilisers, growth regulators into agricultural production, the questions of the nutrition system of soft winter wheat plants are insufficiently substantiated in this region. The research results presented in the article from 2019 to 2021 demonstrate the issues of the influence of the norm of application of mineral fertilisers with stage-by-stage feeding with nitrogen in different phases of organogenesis on the formation of indicators of seed productivity of varieties of the forest steppe ecological type of soft winter wheat. It was found that the rate of yield of conditioned seeds was the lowest in the control without fertilisers and grew by 16-20% for the application of mineral fertilisers. The seed yield varied from 1.58 t/ha in the control to 4.59 t/ha at the rate of N220P90K160S28, and the multiplication factor, respectively, from 6.3 to 19.8 units. According to this option, the total yield of the large and medium fractions was from 94.9 to 95.2%. A balanced complex of macroelements positively influenced the formation of indicators of sowing qualities of seeds, increasing the weight of 1000 seeds by 5.3-7.5 g, germination energy – from 4.8 to 8.4%, laboratory germination – from 13.6 to 14.4

Efficiency of Microfertilizer Oracle Multicomplex in Corn Cultivation Technology

In recent years, the use of all types of fertilizers has sharply decreased, which negatively affected the state of the agroecosystem, its stability and constancy, therefore, it is extremely important to replenish nutrients, including microelements, to maintain the stability of yields. The increasing attention of scientists and industrialists deserves the question of the use of micronutrient fertilizers in the plant nutrition system, as an important element of the technology of growing crops. It is especially important to study the various forms, types and timing of their introduction. The article presents the research results for 2019-2021 according to the effect of microfertilizer Oracle multicomplex (1.5 l/ha) applied foliarly during the development phases of plants of the mid-early hybrid Orzhitsa 237 MB (VVSN 13-15, VVSN 16-18, VVSN 59) against the background of mineral nutrition – N150P90K90. It has been established that on gray forest surface-gley soils of the Western Forest-Steppe zone, a high grain yield of the mid-early corn hybrid (FAO 200-299) of the Orzhitsa 237 MV ripeness group was provided both by favorable weather conditions and by the influence of the Oracle multicomplex. Foliar application of the Oracle multicomplex microfertilizer in the phase BBCH 13-15 (3-5 leaves) increased the yield increase versus control (without micronutrient fertilization) by 0.82 t/ha, by meeting the needs of plants of this period in available forms of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, when panicle axes were laid on the tops of the shoots, and lateral apical meristems (future cobs) formed in the leaf axils. The highest yield by 1.19 t/ha was obtained with foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer in the phase of 6-8 leaves (VVSN 16-18). In this phase, panicle flowers, pollen grains in the stamens, the number of ears and grains in a row were laid, therefore, the content of S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn in the fertilizer positively influenced the formation of the reproductive organs of maize plants. Under the influence of micronutrient fertility introduced into the phase of full panic appearance (VVSN 59), blooming and pollution of maize effectively taken place, which ensured an increase in grain yield – 1.27 t/ha. The difference in this indicator between the VVSN 16-18 and VVSN 59 phases was unreliable (0.09 t/ha). Balanced nutrition of plants with macroelements (N150P90K90 with a gradual introduction of nitrogen) and micro – Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, S, Mo contributed to the formation of a 55-59 g higher weight of 1000 grains. The total yield of the coarse and medium grain fractions was 91.5-92.1%, the fine one decreased by 30.6

Sinapis alba L. as an important green manure and fodder crop in the Carpathian region of Ukraine

White mustard is an important green manure and fodder crop in the Carpathian region. The purpose of this study was to determine the indicators of fodder productivity and chemical composition of fodder of white mustard varieties recommended for cultivation in the studied soil and climatic zone. The methodological framework of this study was formed by general scientific and special research methods. The findings presented in the study for 2021-2023 highlight the dynamics of accumulation of vegetative mass and dry matter of white mustard in different major growth stages and development phases (BBCH) and the chemical composition of the feed. Studies have shown that the climate changes observed in recent years with increased temperature and sufficient rainfall meet the biological requirements of crop cultivation, while the created high-performance varieties meet the requirements of agricultural production of both seeds and green mass. It was found that per 1 ha the varieties Ariadna and Bila Pryntsesa leave about 9.9-10.1 t/ha of root residues in the soil and form a high yield of green mass (37.1-37.8 t/ha), which can be used for green fertiliser in the sixth stage of growth (flowering) of the BBCH 65 phase (full flowering: 50% of flowers on the main raceme are open, old petals have fallen off). Although the chemical composition of the biomass is somewhat inferior to conventional fodder crops, the crop under study can provide a balanced fodder in combination with high-protein crops. In the main sixth stage (flowering), the developmental phase BBCH 65, the value of the varieties was 4.081-4.158 t/ha of feed units and 5.194-5.292 t/ha of digestible protein. The findings of this study can be used by agricultural enterprises and farms for both green manure and fodder, which will increase soil fertility and improve animal nutritio