Youths on labour market.Features. Particularities. Pro-mobility factors for graduates. Elements of a balanced policy for labour migration

The youths’ labour market, and especially insertion employment has a series of particularities defined by aspects such as: flexibility, efficient employment, interest for career but also informal employment, external mobility, including brain drain, segmentation, employment precariousness, income disadvantages, etc. Therefore, also the labour market policy and particularly managing labour mobility especially through the economic and social effects that might be triggered on the local labour market in the origin country, presents a special importance under the conditions of the economic turnaround stage, by promoting new and sustainable jobs, based on knowledge and competences. In the present paper an analysis is made about the youths’ labour market features, and the outcomes of an empirical analysis about graduates’ migration propensity are presented. Suggestions are made for developing a balanced policy for youths’ labour mobility to the benefit of the country of origin.youth employment, labour force mobility, labour migration/mobility management

Romania's Pension System Between Present Restrictions and Future Exigencies

In Romania of today the largest part of available incomes at old age is ensured by pensions, and the most important source is constituted by the public system. The reform of the multipillar type system - is delayed, already regulated but still partially non-operational - is aimed to the youth of today as future or junior contributors to the system. Only young persons under 35 might plan and think about the level and structure of the intended old age pension. Older generations do not have a viable perspective towards financial independence in old age; quite on the contrary they are faced with far more limited options, which include: - participation to the public system, but the expected pensions shall be comparatively far more diminished (in accordance with estimates, the transfer rate in the public system shall be substantially diminished); - the contribution to funded private systems, but on a pretty high background of uncertainty - distrust against market operators, diminished possibilities of contribution due to low incomes, low estimated rates of profitability (for shorter contribution' periods); - The recourse to specific social assistance services for the third age as addition is more a desiderate than an alternative, Romania having a lot more to achieve in this sense. The projected system is not adequate for persons with low incomes or for the medium term future pensioners.

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF COPYRIGHT-BASED INDUSTRIES AND IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY DEVELOPING IN ROMANIA

The economic dimension of copyright-based industries sector in Romania is becoming of higher interest, on the one hand, for policy-makers taking into consideration its increasing contribution to GDP, employment, foreign trade and investment and, on the other hand, as a multidimensional vector for social inclusion, increasing self-confidence, supporting better education in a globalised and multicultural world.The opening of the Romanian economy and society has contributed to higher employment in the creative activities. The new jobs - “high-knowledge jobs” in creative activities or in “non-creative industries” – have several features that could support higher performance. We underline the size and features of employment in the copyright-based industry sector and in core activities in Romania and some performance of labour force. On one hand, press freedom, the increase in the role of civil society, the elimination of censorship represented positive influence factors for new jobs creation in the cultural industries. In this way, the copyright-based industries have become a factor of tension reduction and increased flexibility on the labour market. On the other hand, there are big differences regarding the value of the operational profit per employee and its evolution in time among the core component industries. The analysis of the core copyright industries with respect to the size and evolution of the operational profit per employee, both in the overall sector and the component industries, led us to an interesting and useful classification of the core industries which could be helpful for better decision-making and copyright industries policies.copyright-based industries, cultural-creative industries, employment, high-knowledge jobs

The Romanian Municipal Bond Market and the International Financial Crisis

In Romania, the bond market was set up later, comparatively to the equity market. This market is in a development process, but the international financial crisis has affected even the interest of investors in bonds. The secondary municipal bond market is not a very liquid market because these securities are bought from the primary market and held in portfolios by investors because these bonds have a low risk. The issue of these bonds is correlated with the financial independence and the level of decentralization of the local public authorities. The issuance of these bonds is correlated with financial independence and decentralization level specific to local public authorities. Under crisis conditions, the volatility of this market is more significant, the increasing deficits of local budgets decreasing the interest of the middle-class in investing in such financial instruments.bonds, crisis, stock exchange, municipalities

TRENDS OF EMPLOYMENT IN INFORMAL SECTOR IN ROMANIA DURING CRISIS;ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS

The present paper emphasizes the size and trend of employment in the informal sector as affected during the recent years by the crisis and by showing the relation with informal economy. The paper is structured on three parts. The first part focuses on the concepts and methodology popular and recommended by the international organizations together with the ones applied for the estimations presented in the paper. It brings information on the conceptual framework endorsed by International Labour Office (ILO) on the 15-th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) - on informal sector (which was subsequently included in the revised international System of National Accounts, SNA 1993) and employment in informal sector - and on 17th ICLS, on informal employment. Methods used for obtaining the estimates for Romania figures on informal economy and employment are treated. For the informal economy the method used by National Statistical Institute of Romania (INS) for estimating the underground economy and own calculations were used. For estimating the employment in informal sector a method developed by the authors was applied which consists, on short, on reconciliation between demand and supply available from statistical sources. Second part is dedicated to the analysis on the estimates produced, with observations on the trends induced by the crisis on informal economy and employment. The second also deals with several characteristics and dimensions of the employment in informal sector by gender and economic activities as well as the relation with several macroeconomic and social indicators. Finally, the third and last part proposes the direction of action and policies aimed to combat and reduce the informal sector and to transfer it into the "light", "visible" side, i.e. the formal sector.informal employment, informal economy, economic crisis

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC PHENOMENON

Globalisation is manifest under the form of some globalising processes, respectively the basic operational-action assembly for successive achievement of the purposes and objectives proposed within each stage. Globalisation and demography are the two main forces that model the development of contemporary societies and implicitly of the European one. Both provide for opportunities but also raise issues. Based on the Bosco Model we highlight the interdependency between the decision to migrate and the migratory balance between similar countries, with the exception of labour market, under the conditions in which wages are endogenously determined. The existence of some differences was assumed also between the semi-elasticity of wages in relation to unemployment rates.globalisation, demographic evolution, migration flows, modelling the mobility of labour force

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT. LABOUR MARKET CHANGES IN ROMANIA. FACTORS, CAUSES, ADJUSTMENT MECHANISMS

The reform of labour market and the modification of the human capital management model evolved unsteadily, much behind the demand from the economic and social environment. Labour market was pushed to a secondary plane, considering that the adjustment of the other markets would cause necessary changes for ensuring the functioning of the labour market. Now, Romania is involved in consolidating the market economy, which requires integrated procedures of dealing with the policies able to respond efficiently to challenges. Similarly to the economic reform, the chances in the labour market were gradual but there were no coherence and no correlation of the measures taken, which caused non-typical behaviours, often contrary to reforms.demographic economics; mobility, unemployment and vacancies; labour standards, national and international

EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE

In consideration of the Lisbon Agenda, the Romanian Government drew up the National Programme for Reform for 2007-2010, which established national priorities, and ways and tools to achieve economic reform and growth. Transition in Romania implied a complex and extensive system of regulations and institutions for stimulating employment and creating a flexible system of social protection. The new regulations were focused on harmonisation with the Community labour law. Increasing investment in human capital is essential for a competitive and dynamic economy. Besides, labour market policies were formulated for correcting labour market imbalances.Demographic Economics; Labour Standards; Labour-Management Relations; Welfare and Poverty; Quality of Life

The Romanian Municipal Bond Market and the International Financial Crisis

In Romania, the bond market was set up later, comparatively to the equity market. This market is in a development process, but the international financial crisis has affected even the interest of investors in bonds. The secondary municipal bond market is not a very liquid market because these securities are bought from the primary market and held in portfolios by investors because these bonds have a low risk. The issue of these bonds is correlated with the financial independence and the level of decentralization of the local public authorities. The issuance of these bonds is correlated with financial independence and decentralization level specific to local public authorities. Under crisis conditions, the volatility of this market is more significant, the increasing deficits of local budgets decreasing the interest of the middle-class in investing in such financial instruments