Influence of Cultural Resources of Mothers over Parenting Values in Russian Families

AbstractThe purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the complex of economic, cultural and psychological resources of mothers of three groups focused on different values in child rearing (obedience “O”, curiosity “C”, sociability “S”). The study involved 500 mothers selected basing on the criterion of self-identification of their economic status (low and medium), under the age of 45, with children aged from 1.5 to 3 years old. The analysis of the results showed that a quarter of mothers (24.2%) choose obedience as the dominant value of family education. Mothers from group focused on the value of “C”, account for almost half of the sample (47.0%). A third of the respondents are aimed at instilling sociability in children (28.8%). There is a certain impact that disparity in supply of mothers with various resources has on cultivating in children values contributing to a successful adaptation. Mothers instilling in children curiosity and sociability have richer cultural resources. They are also characterized by a more positive self-perception. Resulting differences are explained by both objective factors characteristic for women from the group focused on instilling obedience - a lower level of education, qualifications, financial situation, small social experience, less intensive cultural practices, and by subjective characteristics - a lower self-esteem, self-doubt, insufficient personal maturity. The experience of relationships of mothers with their own parents is further employed in the process of upbringing of children. The paper suggests directions of correction of social and cultural attitudes and strategies of child-rearing

The Authoritarian Syndrome in Attitudes and Educational Practices of Russian Parents

AbstractIn the structure of indicators of authoritarianism, a central position is occupied by rigidity of educational attitudes as a manifestation of the syndrome of authoritarian aggression. This article addresses educational attitudes of mothers, as well as their idea of the role of a father in families with varied economic resources. The study involved 500 mothers, selected basing on the criterion of self-identification of their economic status (low and medium), under the age of 45, with children aged from 1.5 to 3 years old. Educational attitudes were estimated on the basis of views characterizing typical principals of upbringing of children in everyday family life. This study highlighted that authoritarian attitudes are characteristic of low resource families, rather than of families with medium resources. A similar tendency can be traced in mothers’ perception of fathers in these families: as more authoritarian and more democratic, sensitive, partner-oriented in communication with their children, respectively. This work suggests the directions in correction of authoritarian educational attitudes

НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОЕ ТОЛКОВАНИЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА О НАЛОГАХ И СБОРАХ ПО НЕКОТОРЫМ АСПЕКТАМ ПОСРЕДНИЧЕСТВА КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ БАНКОВ В НАЛОГОВЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ

Intermediation of the commercial banks in tax relations between taxpayers (payers of fees, tax agents) and tax bodies throughout the existence of Russian Federation tax system had been interpreted by specialists very ambiguously.This situation occurs at the moment and is explained by the presence of omissions on the subject under consideration in the legislation on taxes and fees from the moment of its publication; more loyal attitude of the legislative institutions to the nancial sector organizations.The following article will be devoted to the consideration of the controversial moments of the legislation on taxes and fees on the intermediation of commercial banks in tax relations between taxpayers (payers of fees, tax agents) and tax bodies.Посредничество банков в налоговых отношениях между налогоп-лательщиками (плательщиками сборов, налоговыми агентами) и налоговыми органами на протяжении существования налоговой системы Российской Федерации трактовалось специалистами неоднозначно. Данное положение имеет место и в настоящее время и объясняется: наличием пробелов по рассматриваемой тематике в законодательстве о налогах и сборах с момента его опубликования; более лояльным отношением законодательных органов к организациям финансового сектора экономики.Дальнейшее содержание статьи будет связано с рассмотрением неоднозначных моментов законодательства о налогах и сборах посвященных посредничеству банков в налоговых отношениях между налогоплательщиками (плательщиками сборов, налого-выми агентами) и налоговыми органами

Family leadership and environmental sustainability: a case of the single fathers in Russia

Nowadays, the traditional perception of the family is changing. However, understanding children preferences and shaping their views of the world still remain the key prerequisites for the environmental sustainability. The purpose of the article is to analyze models of single fatherhood, to study the motivation and structure of factors that determine the involved fatherhood making, the specifics of mother’s and parent family’s influence on the paternal practices implementation. Our research testifies to the fact that single fathers tend to become family leaders and undertake responsibility related to childcare in the context of transforming marital and family relations as well as facing global environmental issues. The results of the study show that single fatherhood is usually a forced situation caused by death or severe illness of the mother, her deviant behavior and leaving the family, deprivation of parental rights, divorce consequences, long-term separation of spouses, use of modern reproductive technologies of surrogacy. It is concluded that the scenarios of the single fatherhood becoming – planned or casual – are associated with the cause of the child appearance in the family. The significant differences are found in the social and cultural capital of the single fathers which might have different impacts on the level of environmental education they can pass on to their children

Molecular Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>) Hemicelluloses Isolated by Catalytic Oxidative Delignification

Spruce (Piceaabies) wood hemicelluloses have been obtained by the noncatalytic and catalytic oxidative delignification in the acetic acid-water-hydrogen peroxide medium in a processing time of 3–4 h and temperatures of 90–100 °C. In the catalytic process, the H2SO4, MnSO4, TiO2, and (NH4)6Mo7O24 catalysts have been used. A polysaccharide yield of up to 11.7 wt% has been found. The hemicellulose composition and structure have been studied by a complex of physicochemical methods, including gas and gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The galactose:mannose:glucose:arabinose:xylose monomeric units in a ratio of 5:3:2:1:1 have been identified in the hemicelluloses by gas chromatography. Using gel permeation chromatography, the weight average molar mass Mw of hemicelluloses has been found to attain 47,654 g/mol in noncatalytic delignification and up to 42,793 g/mol in catalytic delignification. Based on the same technique, a method for determining the α and k parameters of the Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation for hemicelluloses has been developed; it has been established that these parameters change between 0.33–1.01 and 1.57–472.17, respectively, depending on the catalyst concentration and process temperature and time. Moreover, the FTIR spectra of the hemicellulose samples contain all the bands characteristic of heteropolysaccharides, specifically, 1069 cm−1 (C–O–C and C–O–H), 1738 cm−1 (ester C=O), 1375 cm−1 (–C–CH3), 1243 cm−1 (–C–O–), etc. It has been determined by the thermogravimetric analysis that the hemicelluloses isolated from spruce wood are resistant to heating to temperatures of up to ~100 °C and, upon further heating, start destructing at an increasing rate. The antioxidant activity of the hemicelluloses has been examined using the compounds simulating the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals

Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo