Экологическое направление в системе знаний о народонаселении

Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, signed the decree on January 5, 2016, declaring Ecology Year to be held in 2017 in Russia. This decree aims at drawing attention to the significance of environmental problems, and improving the situation with environmental security in the country. Our article considers the development of scientific research exploring the interrelations and interdependencies between population and environment, theoretical approaches and methodology of these studies. On the scientific and practical side the article analyses the available typologies of demoecological situations and develops own demoecological typology as a policy instrument aimed at sustainability in population development and environmental security.In the 70s – 90s of the last century, the scientific community paid close attention to the “environmental issue” problem, and there existed the awareness of the interdependence between environment and population. The study on population-environment interdependence was conducted in the Center for Population Studies at the Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University within the framework of new field of the system of population knowledge – ecology of population, considering the demographic and environmental development in close connection. Multiple demoecological situations identified in the studies, were logically followed by the development of the typology of demoecological systems using environmental principles (stage development, diversity and territorial differentiation). The unification of all economic regions of the Soviet Union according to various demoecological factors allowed the authors to summarize all diverse situations, showing similarities in their development, and to highlight the types of interactions between the elements of demoecological regional systems that can be considered to be the basis of comprehensive long-term program of population development. In the late 90-s, this approach, using ranking and indexing methodology was applied to assess the level of demoecological development of the Russian Federation regions. It was resulted in the creation of the specified and amended (in relation to the study conducted in the beginning of 1980s) system of basic indexes in order to monitor changes in demoecological systems, and new, integrated indexes, more accurately characterizing the state of the environment and population development.The research, made in this period, has led to resulting conclusion about the scientific and practical feasibility to take into consideration the typological features of the region while developing long-term programs for sustainable socio-economic development. The similarity of the same demoecological situations allows using the experience of the regions belonging to the same type, reducing the risk of errors in setting the objectives of development programs and the development of measures for their implementation. This conclusion, made 25 years ago, is very relevant today, when a growing number of experts argues that replication of methods of implementation of regional policy is common thing for all the regions of the Russian Federation and has a negative impact on the unity of economic space of the country. 5 января 2016 года Президент России Владимир Путин подписал указ, в соответствии с которым 2017 год в России был объявлен годом экологии. Цель данного решения – привлечь внимание к проблемным вопросам, существующим в экологической сфере, и улучшить состояние экологической безопасности страны. Цель нашей статьи – показать становление исследований взаимосвязей и взаимозависимостей населения и окружающей его среды, развитие теории и методологии этих исследований. Научный и практический интерес имеет проанализированный в статье опыт типизации демоэкологических ситуаций и разработки типологии демоэкологического развития как инструмента политики, направленной на устойчивость в развитии народонаселения и экологическую безопасность.Еще в 70-е – 90-е годы прошлого столетия научное сообщество обратило пристальное внимание на проблему, получившую название «проблема окружающей среды», произошло осознание взаимообусловленности развития окружающей среды и народонаселения. Исследование этой взаимообусловленности проводилось и в Центре по изучению проблем народонаселения экономического факультета МГУ в рамках нового направления системы знаний о народонаселении – экологии народонаселения, рассматривающей демографическое и экологическое развитие методами анализа междисциплинарного и системного подходов. Выявленное в ходе исследований разнообразие демоэкологических ситуаций логически привело к необходимости разработки типологии демоэкологических систем с использованием экологических принципов (стадиальности, разнообразия и территориальной дифференциации). Сведение в общую таблицу экономических районов СССР по различным признакам демоэкологического развития позволило обобщить все разнообразие ситуаций, показав сходные черты их развития, и выделить типы взаимосвязей элементов демоэкологических региональных систем, что могло стать, по замыслу ученых, основой комплексной долгосрочной программы развития народонаселения страны. Позднее, в конце 1990-х годов, данный подход с использованием методик ранговой и индексной оценок, был применен при оценке уровня демоэкологического развития субъектов Российской Федерации. Результатом стала уточненная и дополненная (по отношению к исследованию начала 1980-х годов) система основных показателей, позволяющих наблюдать изменения в демоэкологических системах, выбраны новые, интегральные показатели, более точно характеризующие состояние окружающей среды и развитие населения.Исследования тех лет приводят к выводу о научно-практической целесообразности учета типологических особенностей региона при разработке долгосрочных программ устойчивого социально-экономического развития. Схожесть же демоэкологических ситуаций позволяет использовать опыт регионов, относящихся к одному типу, уменьшая риск ошибок при постановке целей программ развития и разработке комплексов мероприятий по их реализации. Этот, сделанный 25 лет назад вывод, весьма актуален сегодня, когда все большее число экспертов утверждает, что тиражирование общих для всех субъектов РФ методов реализации региональной политики негативно сказывается на единстве экономического пространства страны.

Ecological direction in the system of knowledge on population

Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, signed the decree on January 5, 2016, declaring Ecology Year to be held in 2017 in Russia. This decree aims at drawing attention to the significance of environmental problems, and improving the situation with environmental security in the country. Our article considers the development of scientific research exploring the interrelations and interdependencies between population and environment, theoretical approaches and methodology of these studies. On the scientific and practical side the article analyses the available typologies of demoecological situations and develops own demoecological typology as a policy instrument aimed at sustainability in population development and environmental security.In the 70s – 90s of the last century, the scientific community paid close attention to the “environmental issue” problem, and there existed the awareness of the interdependence between environment and population. The study on population-environment interdependence was conducted in the Center for Population Studies at the Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University within the framework of new field of the system of population knowledge – ecology of population, considering the demographic and environmental development in close connection. Multiple demoecological situations identified in the studies, were logically followed by the development of the typology of demoecological systems using environmental principles (stage development, diversity and territorial differentiation). The unification of all economic regions of the Soviet Union according to various demoecological factors allowed the authors to summarize all diverse situations, showing similarities in their development, and to highlight the types of interactions between the elements of demoecological regional systems that can be considered to be the basis of comprehensive long-term program of population development. In the late 90-s, this approach, using ranking and indexing methodology was applied to assess the level of demoecological development of the Russian Federation regions. It was resulted in the creation of the specified and amended (in relation to the study conducted in the beginning of 1980s) system of basic indexes in order to monitor changes in demoecological systems, and new, integrated indexes, more accurately characterizing the state of the environment and population development.The research, made in this period, has led to resulting conclusion about the scientific and practical feasibility to take into consideration the typological features of the region while developing long-term programs for sustainable socio-economic development. The similarity of the same demoecological situations allows using the experience of the regions belonging to the same type, reducing the risk of errors in setting the objectives of development programs and the development of measures for their implementation. This conclusion, made 25 years ago, is very relevant today, when a growing number of experts argues that replication of methods of implementation of regional policy is common thing for all the regions of the Russian Federation and has a negative impact on the unity of economic space of the country

MHD activity in FTU plasmas with reversed magnetic shear

Abstract. The MHD activity of plasma configurations with reversed magnetic shear has been investigated on the FTU tokamak. In the presence of pairs of surfaces with the same rational value q D m=n of the safety factor, double-tearing modes are excited which give rise in most cases to bursts of sawtooth-like profile rearrangements. More stable regimes have also been found, in which the activity is dominated by rotating saturated modes. In a particular case with q.0 / 2:8 and qmin 2:5 a discharge without any detectable MHD activity during the current flat-top has been obtained. In high-temperature regimes (Te 8 keV at ne 0:81020 m−3), an irregular activity has been detected near the plasma centre which could be due to the excitation of resistive interchange modes. 1