Linguistic and cultural adaptation of the EARP Questionnaire to European Portuguese

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Early ARthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) questionnaire into European Portuguese, for psoriatic patients attending dermatology medical examination. METHODS: Firstly, we performed a process of translation and back-translation of the English version of the EARP Questionnaire to European Portuguese, with interim and final harmonization. The resulting Portuguese version was approved by the EARP original author. Secondly, individual interviews were conducted to complete the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the initial translated Portuguese version, with the think-aloud and probe methods. At this stage, we conducted eight interviews, four with rheumatology and dermatology doctors (experts), and four with patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Finally, the version resulting from the adaptation process was back-translated from Portuguese to English. RESULTS: Our results showed that EARP Questionnaire's items are easy to understand and do not raise comprehension concerns in experts or patients. Our findings suggested that items demanding health literacy from patients and that do not include a precise cue to signal the inflammatory nature of the joint pain may lead to confusion while answering, potentially leading to the patient's need for assistance. CONCLUSION: The Portuguese version of the EARP Questionnaire demonstrated adequate comprehension properties. Our findings support the use of this measure in clinical practice and future research, however, a validation study with Portuguese patients is needed.publishersversionpublishe

A ação política e propagandística do Estado Novo na RTP

UIDB/05021/2020 UIDP/05021/2020Quando a RTP surgiu, Portugal encontrava-se mergulhado num regime ditatorial que vigorou até 1974. Do mesmo modo que os outros meios de comunicação eram controlados pelo Governo e, frequentemente, utilizados como um mecanismo do aparelho propagandístico do Estado, especialmente a imprensa e a rádio, também a televisão viu a sua capacidade informativa aproveitada como um veículo ideológico do regime. A televisão estatal portuguesa, portanto, consolidou-se sob pressupostos de apertado controlo e sem interesse visível pela opinião do público. Apesar dessa realidade ter permanecido na totalidade do Estado Novo, algumas diferenças podem ser apontadas quando comparamos os Governos de António de Oliveira Salazar e Marcello Caetano. Assim, esta pesquisa visa contribuir para um melhor entendimento da História do telejornalismo em Portugal ao apontar como a ação política e propagandística do Estado Novo na RTP foi empregada em ambas as administrações e quais as suas diferenças e semelhanças. Parte-se, então, de aspetos elementares do caráter dos dois autocratas para compreender as particularidades da ação mediática de cada um, explorando, também, os aspetos histórico-sociais que contribuíram para esse contexto. Para isso, realizamos uma análise qualitativa de 27 peças noticiosas veiculadas na RTP entre 1964 e 1974, cujo ator principal foi Salazar ou Marcelo Caetano, oferecendo uma visão analítica e crítica sobre o modo como a imagem pública de cada um era transmitida para a população. A partir desta pesquisa, verificamos que Salazar diverge de Caetano na sua abordagem televisiva, convergindo, no entanto, na manutenção dos valores do regime. Dá-se a cisão no que toca à imagem pública dos intervenientes: Salazar não via a televisão como potenciador do regime e, devido à sua personalidade introvertida, não assumia protagonismo. Por sua vez, Caetano crê no papel da RTP e na sua importância no controlo da opinião pública, denotando-se a natural propensão de orador. When RTP first aired, Portugal was immersed in a dictatorship that lasted until 1974. The television service, alongside other media outlets such as the radio and the press, was controlled by the government and used as a propaganda mechanism, having its informative qualities used to convey the regime’s ideology. The Portuguese state television was built in conformity with the government standards, being highly controlled by it, with no apparent interest in the public’s opinion. Even tough this was a constant reality throughout the Estado Novo period, we can point out some differences when comparing the ruling of António de Oliveira Salazar with Marcello Caetano’s. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of the History of telejournalism in Portugal by dissecting how the political and propagandistic acts were employed in RTP in the two administrations of Estado Novo and its differences and similarities. We analysed fundamental aspects of the character of these two autocrats to further understand each one’s mediatic particularities. The socio-historical aspects that contributed to the time’s political landscape on the media were also investigated. The conclusions drawn in this paper were based in a qualitative analysis we made of 27 news articles from RTP, broadcasted between 1964 and 1974, that featured either Salazar or Caetano, offering an analytic and critical view over the way their public image was conveyed to the population. Given the results, it was possible to testify that Salazar is distinguished from Caetano in his approach to television; however, the values of the regime broadcasted do not change with the transmission of power. The public image of the two autocrats diverges: Salazar did not see the potential in television as a means of empowerment to the regime and, due to his introverted personality, avoided being regarded as a protagonist, whereas Caetano believes in RTP’s role in controlling the public’s opinion, demonstrating his natural public speaker abilities.publishersversionpublishe

Linguistic and cultural adaptation of the EARP Questionnaire to European Portuguese.

OBJECTIVE This study aims at the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Early ARthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) questionnaire into European Portuguese, for psoriatic patients attending dermatology medical examination. METHODS Firstly, we performed a process of translation and back-translation of the English version of the EARP Questionnaire to European Portuguese, with interim and final harmonization. The resulting Portuguese version was approved by the EARP original author. Secondly, individual interviews were conducted to complete the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the initial translated Portuguese version, with the think-aloud and probe methods. At this stage, we conducted eight interviews, four with rheumatology and dermatology doctors (experts), and four with patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Finally, the version resulting from the adaptation process was back-translated from Portuguese to English. RESULTS Our results showed that EARP Questionnaire's items are easy to understand and do not raise comprehension concerns in experts or patients. Our findings suggested that items demanding health literacy from patients and that do not include a precise cue to signal the inflammatory nature of the joint pain may lead to confusion while answering, potentially leading to the patient's need for assistance. CONCLUSION The Portuguese version of the EARP Questionnaire demonstrated adequate comprehension properties. Our findings support the use of this measure in clinical practice and future research, however, a validation study with Portuguese patients is needed