The Rise of Radical Right Parties in the North Countries: the Exceptionalism of Iceland

Magistro darbe analizuojamas radikalios dešinės partijų iškilimas Šiaurės šalyse (Danijoje, Norvegijoje, Švedijoje, Suomijoje) ir Islandijos išskirtinumas šiame kontekste. Islandijoje radikalios dešinės partijos nesulaukė rinkiminės sėkmės nei savivaldos, nei nacionaliniu lygmeniu iki pat šių dienų. Darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti priežastis, lėmusias šio tipo partijų nepopuliarumą Islandijoje. Darbo objektas yra radikaliųjų dešiniųjų nuotaikos Islandijoje. Pasiekti tikslui pasitelkiama radikalios dešinės termino bei partijoms būdingų bruožų analizė. Naudojamas teorinis paklausos – pasiūlos modelis, kuris aiškina galimas radikalios sėkmės priežastis, kylančias iš pačios partijos, šalies vidaus konteksto ir visuomenės poreikių. Remiantis šiuo modeliu, nagrinėjamas Šiaurės šalių vidaus ekonominis, socialinis, politinis kontekstai ir pagrindinių radikalios dešinės tipo partijų specifika, politinės gairės, retorika. Islandijos atveju nagrinėjama vienintelė šiuo metu egzistuojanti radikalios dešinės partija – Nacionalinis Islandiškasis Frontas (NIF). Partijos nesėkmei išsiaiškinti, pasitelkta šią partiją palaikančiųjų interviu, norint sužinoti partiją palaikančiųjų ir Islandijos visuomenės pasirinkimo skirtumai ir panašumai. Atlikta analizė rodo, kad Islandijos atveju radikalių dešiniųjų partijų neiškilimui didžiausią reikšmę turėjo tai, kad nei visuomenė, nei politinės partijos imigracijos netraktavo kaip problemos, ką akcentavo NIF. Alternatyvios antisisteminės partijos „Piratų partijos“ iškilimas, su visuomenei aktualesne antikorupcine politine programa bei aiški ideologinė takoskyra tarp partijų, nepalikusi nišinės srities realizuoti save kraštutinės dešinės partijoms. Kaip nesėkmės faktorius didelę reikšmę turėjo ir stipraus lyderio stygius NIF partijoje, kas kitų Šiaurės šalių atveju buvo viena pagrindinių šio tipo politinių jėgų iškilimo, priežasčių.This Master Thesis analyzes the rise of radical right parties in Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland) and the exceptionalism of Iceland„s case in this context. In Iceland radical right parties have not achieved success in elections – neither at the municipality level, nor at the national level till these days. The aim of this thesis is to find out what reasons caused such unpopularity of far right parties in Iceland. The main object of the research is situation and attitudes towards radical right parties in Iceland. To reach the aim, analysis of radical right term is conducted, including the analysis of radical right parties‟ features. The research is based on theoretical model of supply and demand, which explains the reasons of far right parties arise. The model includes reasons, which come from party itself, internal context of the country and from the needs of society. The research of economical, social and political contexts and the main radical right parties‟ policy, programs and rhetoric of Nordic countries is based on this theoretical supply-demand model. In Iceland‟s case the only one existing party of radical right – Icelandic National Front (INF) is analyzed. In order to find out the failure of this party, interviews of INF supporters are invoked. The results of the analysis have shown that the biggest influence for the radical right parties‟ unpopularity in Iceland comes from society and political parties‟ attitudes toward migration topic – migration is not considered as a problem by the both sides, as INF party holds it as the main problem of the country. The alternative anti-system Pirate Party arise, which anti-corruption policy was more relevant to society than INF party‟s anti-immigrant position. A clear ideological divide between parties did not give the niche sphere for INF party to arise. The lack of a strong leader, which was one of the main reasons of radical right parties arise in all Nordic countries, also conducted to the failure of radical right parties arise in Iceland.Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakult.Vytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Saccharin Sulfonamides as Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases I, II, VII, XII, and XIII

A series of modified saccharin sulfonamides have been designed as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors and synthesized. Their binding to CA isoforms I, II, VII, XII, and XIII was measured by the fluorescent thermal shift assay (FTSA) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Saccharin bound the CAs weakly, exhibiting the affinities of 1–10 mM for four CAs except CA I where binding could not be detected. Several sulfonamide-bearing saccharines exhibited strong affinities of 1–10 nM towards particular CA isoforms. The functional group binding Gibbs free energy additivity maps are presented which may provide insights into the design of compounds with increased affinity towards selected CAs

Discovery and validation of SIRT2 inhibitors based on tenovin-6 : use of a 1H-NMR method to assess deacetylase activity

The search for potent and selective sirtuin inhibitors continues as chemical tools of this type are of use in helping to assign the function of this interesting class of deacetylases. Here we describe SAR studies starting from the unselective sirtuin inhibitor tenovin-6. These studies identify a sub-micromolar inhibitor that has increased selectivity for SIRT2 over SIRT1 compared to tenovin-6. In addition, a H-1-NMR-based method is developed and used to validate further this class of sirtuin inhibitors. A thermal shift analysis of SIRT2 in the presence of tenovin-6, -43, a control tenovin and the known SIRT2 inhibitor AGK2 is also presented.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Intrinsic thermodynamics of 4-substituted-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzenesulfonamide binding to carbonic anhydrases by isothermal titration calorimetry

Para substituted tetrafluorobenzenesulfonamides bind to carbonic anhydrases (CAs) extremely tightly and exhibit some of the strongest known protein-small ligand interactions, reaching an intrinsic affinity of 2 pM as determined by displacement isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The enthalpy and entropy of binding to five CA isoforms were measured by ITC in two buffers of different protonation enthalpies. The pKa values of compound sulfonamide groups were measured potentiometrically and spectrophotometrically, and enthalpies of protonation were measured by ITC in order to evaluate the proton linkage contributions to the observed binding thermodynamics. Intrinsic means the affinity of a sulfonamide anion for the Zn bound water form of CAs. Fluorination of the benzene ring significantly enhanced the observed affinities as it increased the fraction of deprotonated ligand while having little impact on intrinsic affinities. Intrinsic enthalpy contributions to the binding affinity were dominant over entropy and were more exothermic for CA I than for other CA isoforms. Thermodynamic measurements together with the X-ray crystallographic structures of protein-ligand complexes enabled analysis of structure-activity relationships in this enzyme ligand system

4-Amino-Substituted Benzenesulfonamides as Inhibitors of Human Carbonic Anhydrases

Abstract: A series of N-aryl-β-alanine derivatives and diazobenzenesulfonamides containingaliphatic rings were designed, synthesized, and their binding to carbonic anhydrases (CA) I,II, VI, VII, XII, and XIII was studied by the fluorescent thermal shift assay and isothermaltitration calorimetry. The results showed that 4-substituted diazobenzenesulfonamides weremore potent CA binders than N-aryl-β-alanine derivatives. Most of the N-aryl-β-alaninederivatives showed better affinity for CA II while diazobenzenesulfonamides possessednanomolar affinities towards CA I isozyme. X-ray crystallographic structures showed themodes of binding of both compound groups