GHB: farmaco, sostanza d’abuso e droga da stupro: diverse tipologie di uso, differenti problematiche analitico-forensi

L’acido gamma-idrossibutirrico (GHB) è un neurotrasmettitore con effetti gaba-mimetici; si tratta di un composto endogeno, ma notoriamente usato per le applicazioni terapeutiche come anestetico per via endovenosa, come sedativo e per il trattamento della narcolessia. Dagli anni ‘80 è comune sostanza usata come doping, quindi emerge come droga da “tempo libero” nei rave-party; più recentemente, i supposti effetti afrodisiaci e la reale capacità di induzione di amnesia retrograda ne hanno indotto l’utilizzazione quale sostanza in grado di ridurre la capacità di resistenza della vittima di uno stupro annoverandola tra le cosiddette “date rape drugs” (Drug facilitated sexual assault, DFSA), e cioè sostanze psicoattive usate per lo stupro cosiddetto “dopo appuntamento”1. Nel presente contributo si riporta l’approccio metodologico relativamente a due differenti scenari di interesse forense: l’abuso del GHB con quadro di dipendenza patologica e l’uso del GHB come droga da stupro; gli Autori illustrano le modalità di indagine per determinare il GHB nelle differenti matrici biologiche. Conclusioni: gli scenari d’abuso qui presentati rafforzano il concetto che l’analitica tossicologica rivolta alla determinazione del GHB, per tutte le evenienze riguardanti l’uso/abuso e le possibili implicazioni legali, deve realizzarsi secondo canoni analitici convalidati

Large-scale seismic vulnerability and risk of masonry churches in seismic-prone areas: Two territorial case studies

In this paper, seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of two samples of churches, located in Teramo and Ischia island (Naples gulf), both affected by the most recent earthquakes that occurred in Italy, are presented. To this aim, we applied a simplified method particularly suitable for seismic evaluations at a territorial scale, providing a global resulting score to be compared among the cases analyzed. The data obtained allowed us to provide vulnerability maps and a seismic risk index for all the considered churches. In addition, the calculated indexes permit a preliminary health state evaluation of the inspected churches, for ranking the priorities and planning additional in-depth evaluations

Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Innovative Photocatalysts: A Review

Waterborne pathogens represent one of the most widespread environmental concerns. Conventional disinfection methods, including chlorination and UV, pose several operational and environmental problems; namely, formation of potentially hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs) and high energy consumption. Therefore, there is high demand for effective, low-cost disinfection treatments. Among advanced oxidation processes, the photocatalytic process, a form of green technology, is becoming increasingly attractive. A systematic review was carried out on the synthesis, characterization, toxicity, and antimicrobial performance of innovative engineered photocatalysts. In recent decades, various engineered photocatalysts have been developed to overcome the limits of conventional photocatalysts using different synthesis methods, and these are discussed together with the main parameters influencing the process behaviors. The potential environmental risks of engineered photocatalysts are also addressed, considering the toxicity effects presented in the literature

Symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after glioblastoma resection and carmustine wafers implantation. A case report

Local chemotherapy with carmustine-impregnated wafers showed safe and effective in the treatment of malignant glioma, with infrequent, though sometime serious, adverse effects. We report a rare case of cerebral vasospasm following glioblastoma removal with carmustine wafers implantation in a 57-years-old man. After surgery, the patient awoke with aphasia, due to vasospasm of the left middle cerebral artery. Intra-arterial infusion of nimodipine was performed, with rapid vasospasm resolution and quick recovery. Cerebral vasospasm is an extremely rare adverse effect after carmustine wafers implantation in glioma surgery, with only one case reported. In our case, intra-arterial nimodipine was rapidly effective. Although rare, such a potentially disastrous complication should be considered when a new neurological deficit unexpectedly occurs after carmustine wafers implantation, and vascular investigation should be undertaken

Toxicological Findings of Self-Poisoning Suicidal Deaths: A Systematic Review by Countries

The use of illicit and non-illicit substances is widespread in suicides. The toxicological data may help in understanding the mechanism of death. This systematic review aimed to analyze autopsies related to suicides by consuming poison, focusing on the correlation between substance use and the country of origin to create an alarm bell to indicate that suicide maybe attempted and prevent it. The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, with the primary objective of identifying autopsies conducted in cases of suicide by consuming poison in specific geographic areas. Significant differences in substances were observed between low-income and Western countries that confirm previous literature data. In rural areas and Asian countries, most suicides by consuming poison involve the use of pesticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates. In Western countries, illicit drugs and medically prescribed drugs are the leading cause of suicide by self-poisoning. Future research should shed light on the correlation between social, medical, and demographic characteristics and the autopsy findings in suicides by self-poisoning to highlight the risk factors and implement tailored prevention programs worldwide. Performing a complete autopsy on a suspected suicide by self-poisoning could be essential in supporting worldwide public health measures and policy makers. Therefore, complete autopsies in such cases must be vigorously promoted

Label-free fiber optic optrode for the detection of class C beta-lactamases expressed by drug resistant bacteria

This paper reports the experimental assessment of an automated optical assay based on label free optical fiber optrodes for the fast detection of class C beta-lactamases (AmpC BLs), actually considered as one of the most important sources of resistance to beta-lactams antibiotics expressed by resistant bacteria. Reflection-type long period fiber gratings (RT-LPG) have been used as highly sensitive label free optrodes, while a higher affine boronic acid based ligand was here selected to enhance the overall assay performances compared to those obtained in our first demonstration. In order to prove the feasibility analysis towards a fully automated optical assay, an engineered system was developed to simultaneously manipulate and interrogate multiple fiber optic optrodes in the different phases of the assay. The automated system tested in AmpC solutions at increasing concentrations demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 nM, three times better when compared with the results obtained in our previous work. Moreover, the real effectiveness of the proposed optical assay has been also confirmed in complex matrices as the case of lysates of Escherichia coli overexpressing AmpC. (C) 2017 Optical Society of Americ

Evidence of natural GHB presence in energy drinks: Caution in data interpretation in suspected DFSA cases

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), usually reported as rape drug in drug-facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA), is an endogenous substance in human body and is also found in many beverages. This may lead to data misinterpretation in forensic cases. Herein, we aimed to collect evidence about natural GHB presence in 13 energy drinks (ED). After a liquid–liquid extraction with acidic ethyl acetate, samples were derivatized with BSTFA 1% TMCS. Analyses were carried out by a GC–MS system in SIM mode (GHB, 233, 234, 143 and 147 m/z; GHB-d6 , 239, 240, 120 and 206 m/z). GHB was present in all the samples at very low concentrations ranging from 98 to 197 ng/mL. Thus, GHB presence in ED is not exclusively related to exogenous addition. Since the GHB levels are far lower than the minimum active dose (i.e., 0.5 g), it is not expected to induce any effect

Analysis of illicit drugs seized in the Province of Florence from 2006 to 2016

Comprehension of illicit drug market's features at local level is useful to plan and to correctly set-up specific informative and contrast activities. In this paper we report trends, purities and consumption estimations of illicit substances available on the Florentine territory from 2006 to 2016. These data were obtained by the analysis of 10,451 samples seized by the Law Enforcement Agencies in case of personal use offence. Analytical procedures consisted in targeted and untargeted analyses by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. The most detected substances were: cannabis (78.0%; resin: 51.7%; herb: 26.3%), cocaine (10.4%), opiates (6.6%; heroin: 6.5%; morphine: 0.1%), ketamine (1.4%), amphetamines (1.3%; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine \u2013 MDMA \u2013: 0.7%; methamphetamine: 0.6%; amphetamine: <0.1%) and methadone (1.3%). Cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine purities were higher than their mean values estimated for the Italian and European market, while THC content in cannabis seizures was unexpectedly below the European mean values. Starting from 2015, a total of 5 new psychoactive substances (NPS) were detected in seized material, mainly composed of white powders (pentedrone, 3-methylmethcathinone, 4-fluoroamphetamine, methoxethamine and AB-FUBINACA). Most of the seizures (75.5%) were from young male adults (14\u201334 years old). These data contribute to highlight new trends in the illicit drug market in the Tuscany area, but also to verify the persistence of old habits of drug consumption, confirming the need for more effective counteraction and prevention plans, especially among young people, where the diffusion of the legal highs is worrisome, also in consideration of the young age and the unconsciousness of the possible health effects

Parametric analysis on the seismic response of masonry bell towers

The Italy is a country rich of historical buildings, often made up of bricks, which were seriously damaged or suffered collapse after recent devastating earthquakes. In this framework the current work shows the results of instrumental researches and structural analysis aiming at the description of the seismic behaviour of masonry belfries or bell towers. Forty case studies belonging to thirteen Italian regions, so to be representative of the different seismic areas of the country, have been herein examined. A global modelling approach based on macro-elements models able to reproduce the seismic behaviour of bell towers with the support of the equivalent frame technique has been implemented through the 3MURI software. This numerical approach has allowed to reproduce the sequence of the main damage mechanisms of structures as horizontal forces increase. Therefore, a parametric analysis has been performed to evaluate the seismic response of investigated structures by changing their geometrical parameters. From the achieved results the individuation of the bell towers most at risk placed in different parts of Italy (North, Centre and South) has been faced. Finally, a new third order polynomial formula is proposed to calculate the principal vibration period of light squared stone towers as a function of their slenderness