Genetic Diversity of Eight Domestic Goat Populations Raised in Turkey

The objective of this study was to determine the intra- and intergenetic diversities of eight different goat populations in Turkey including Hair, Angora, Kilis, Yayladag, Shami, Honamli, Saanen, and Alpine. A total of 244 DNA samples were genotyped using 11 microsatellites loci. The genetic differentiation between breeds was considerable as a result of the statistically significant (P0.05). Heterozygosity values ranged between 0.62 and 0.73. According to the structure and assignment test, Angora and Yayladag goats were assigned to the breed they belong to, while other breeds were assigned to two or more different groups. Because this study for the first time presented genetic data on the Yayladag goat, results of structure analysis and assigned test suggest that further analyses are needed using additional and different molecular markers

The Effect of Size and Clinical Staging of Mammary Tumors on Blood Parameters in Bitches

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common type of tumor in female dogs and account for 50% of all tumors in dogs. The clinical prognosis of canine mammary tumors is strongly affected by the size, stages, histological type, and grade of tumor; mitotic index; and nearby and distant metastasis. In canine mammary tumors, it is recommended that prognostic evaluation should also include complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and blood gases in addition to tumor size and stage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tumor size, volume, and clinical stage on complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemical parameters in bitches with mammary tumors and the correlation between them. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included a total of 18 bitches of different breeds, aged 6-15 years, of which 12 had mammary tumors and 6 were healthy. Thoracic X-rays were performed on bitches with mammary tumors in ventrodorsal and laterolateral positions to evaluate lung metastasis. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein from bitches in both groups in 2 different tubes (with plastic gel and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 5 mL each, to perform complete blood count and evaluate blood gases and serum biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the time of initial examination without any intervention. Analysis of the blood showed that bitches with mammary tumors had decreased levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, potassium, TCO2, base excess, THbc, and ALT enzyme activity and increased levels of lactate, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the dogs with a primary tumor of > 5 cm were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, lactate, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC and THbc compared with those in the control group. Bitches with tumors in multiple mammary lobes were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, TCO2, THbc, and ALT enzyme activity compared with those in the control group. Based on the laboratory findings and approval of the owners of the dogs, mammary tissues containing the tumor and lymph nodes were surgically removed. After the operation, the removed mammary tissues were evaluated for size and volume. Clinical staging of the tumors was performed based on the size of the primary tumor (T), nearby lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (M) in accordance with the criteria set by WHO. Clinical staging of the tumors was, thus, based on the tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM) score obtained according to the following system: Stage I: T1N0M0, Stage II: T2N0M0, Stage III: T3N0M0, Stage IV: TanyN1M0, Stage V: Made as TanyNanyM1. Discussion: Mammary tumors are the most common type of neoplasm in bitches and, thus, cause serious problems in veterinary medicine. Tumors are significantly correlated with better prognosis compared with larger tumors. Based on this finding, this study investigated the effect of size, volume, and stage of mammary tumors in bitches on some blood parameters and the correlation between them. It was, thus, concluded that clinical staging and evaluation of blood parameters could be useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of prognosis in canine mammary tumors. This study found that bitches with mammary tumors exhibited significant changes in their blood parameters (complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemistry). The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of approaches to the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and treatment of canine mammary tumors. Keywords: blood gas analysis, complete blood count, dogs, mammary tumor, serum biochemistry, tumor volume

Yerli koyun ırklarında bulunan genetik çeşitlilik

TÜBİTAK TBAG01.12.2004Bu çalışmada, Türk koyun ırklarında mevcut genetik çeşitlilik 5 mikrosatelit lokusu kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Devlet üretim çiftlikleri, üniversite üretim çiftlikleri ve yerel yetiştiricilerin elinde bulunan sürülerden yerli ve melez onbir Türk ırkı (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Kıvırcık, İvesi, Dağlıç, Karayaka, Hemşin, Norduz, Kangal, Konya Merinosu, Türkgeldi) ile bireyleri Irak'tan getirilmiş yabancı bir ırkı (Hamdani) temsil eden toplam 423 birey bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Bazı ırklar icin birden fazla örnekleme yapılmıştır. Genetik varyasyonun ölçütlerinden beklenen heterozigotluk (HE) 0.686 ile 0.793 arasında, ortalama gözlenen allel sayıları (OAS) ise 5.8 ile 11.8 arasında değişmiştir. Türkiye üzerinde allel frekans dağılımları, evcilleşme merkezlerinden olmuş olabilecek göçlerle beklenen, dogudan batıya geçişli bir değişim göstermemiştir. FST indeksi Akkaraman, Karayaka ve Dağlıç'ta aynı ırkın farklı örneklemelerindeki farklılaşmayı ölçmek için kullanılmıştır ve yetiştirme çiftliğinden alınan Akkarman1'in diğer iki Akkaraman populasyonundan istatistiki önemle (P<0.001) farklı olduğu bulunmuştur. FIS indeksi ile ırklar Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) dengesi açısından test edilmiş, Akkaraman1, İvesi, Morkaraman ve Hemşin'de H-W'den sapma tespit edilmiştir. AMOVA analizi toplam genetik varyasyonun büyük bir kısmının (~% 95) ırk içi bireyleri arasında olduğunu göstermiştir. Parallel sonuçlar ırk ve bireyleri arası genetik ilişkinin incelendiği faktöriyel benzerlik analizi ve allel paylaşım uzaklığı ile de elde edilmiş ve genellikle, ırklar arası belirgin bir fark görülmemiştir. DA genetik uzaklığı ile çizilen komşu birleştirme ağacı ve temel öğeler analizi ise ırklar ve çeşitli örnekleri arası farklılaşmayı incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Özellikle ilk analiz çiftlik örneklerinin farklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Delaunay ağı ırklar arasında 4 adet (ikisi coğrafi bariyer ile paralel) genetik sınır belirlemiştir. Sonuçların hepsi Kıvırcık ırkının diğerlerinden çok farklı olduğu yönündedir. Mantel testi ve Darboğaz testi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir sonuç ortaya koymamıştır. Avrupa ırklarının çoğuna genetik olarak en yakın bulunan Kıvırcık örneği olmuştur. Türk ırklarında Avrupa ırklarından yüksek fakat çok da farklı olmayan bir genetik çeşitlilik belirlenmiştir. Bunda son yıllarda koyun sayısında, Türkiye’de, yaşanan hızlı düşüş etkili olmuş olabileceği düşünülmüştür.In this study the genetic diversity in Turkish native sheep breeds was investigated based on fıve microsatellite loci. In total, 423 individuals from 11 native and crossbred Turkish sheep breeds (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Kıvırcık, İvesi, Dağlıç, Karayaka, Hemşin, Norduz, Kangal, Konya Merinosu, Türkgeldi) and one Iraqi breed (Hamdani) were analyzed by sampling from breeding farms and local breeders. For some of the breeds sampling was done more than once. Genetic variation within breeds was estimated by expected heterozygosity (HE), which ranged between 0.686 and 0.793 and by the mean number of observed alleles (MNA), it ranged between 5.8 and 11.8. The allele frequency distribution across Turkey showed no gradient from east to west, gradient was expected in accordance with the migrations from the domestication centers. The differentiation between different samples of Akkaraman, Dağlıç and Karayaka breeds was tested by FST index. Akkaraman1 sample from the breeding farm was significantly (P<0.001) different from the other two Akkaraman samples. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations observed for Akkaraman1, İvesi, Morkaraman and Hemşin breeds. AMOVA analysis revealed that most of the total genetic variation (~95%) was within the individuals of the breeds. In parallel to this observation, when factorial correspondence analysis and shared alleles distances were used to analyze the relationship between the breeds and their individuals, generally, there were no clear discriminations between the breeds. Moreover, neighbour joining tree constructed based on DA genetic distance, and principle component analysis were used to analyze among breed differentiation. The former one emphasized the genetic distinctness of the farm samples. Delaunay network drew 4 genetic boundaries (two of them being parallel to geographic boundaries) between the breeds. All the results indicated that Kıvırcık was the most differentiated breed. Finally, Mantel Test and Bottleneck analysis did not reveal a significant result. Kıvırcık breed, among all native Turkish breeds, was found to be the genetically closest to the European breeds based on the loci analyzed. The genetic variation in Turkish breeds was not much higher than that of European breeds, which might be a consequence of the recent sharp decrease in sheep number, in Turkey

Investigation of genetic structure of various cat breeds by using D-Loop polimorphism in Turkey.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Van kedileri ile diğer bazı kedi ırklarındaki mitokondrial DNA (mtDNA) polimorfizmi ortaya koyulmuş, Van kedilerinde elde edilen mtDNA analiz sonuçları ile göz renkleri arasında filogenetik bir ilişkinin varlığı değerlendirilmiştir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışılan 65 adet kan örneğinde bölgenin polimorfik olması, literatür bilginin yetersizliği ve farklı yöntemler kullanılması neticesinde örnek sonuçlarından sağlıklı bilgi alınamadığı için çalışmada 39 adet kedinin (25 Van kedisi, 3 İran kedisi, 3 Tekir kedisi, 7 Siyam kedisi ve 1 Ankara kedisi) analiz sonuçları sunuldu. Bazı yayınlardan aldığımız ve kendi dizayn ettiğimiz 15 primer denenmiş, 6 iyi çalışan primer ile çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu ürünleri (PZR) CEQ-8000 Beckman Coulter Genetik Analiz Sistemi kullanılarak kapiller elektroforez ile ayrıştırılmış sekans dizilimleri belirlenmiştir.Bulgular: Van Kedilerinin her biri kendi grubu içerisinde tek gözlülük/çift gözlülük durumlarına göre gruplar arasında istatistiki fark (P0.022) tespit edildi. Elde edilen bu dizi analiz verilerine bakılarak Van kedilerinde %80.00 oranıyla tek gözlülük söylenebilir. MtDNA dizi analizinden seçilen 99 bç lik dar bir bölge değerlendirildi ve az sayıda örneğe rağmen elde edilen istatistiki fark değerlendirildi.Yılmaz Sahin E, Altunok V, Kurar E. Investigation of genetic structure of various cat breeds by using D-Loop polimorphism in Turkey. Aim: In this study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism between the Van cats and the other cat breeds is revealed. It is evaluated whether there is any relationship between the result of the mtDNA analyses obtained from Van cats and eye colours.Materials and Methods: Although it is studied with 65 blood samples and different methods, polymorphic of the place and inadequate information of literature lead to unreliable sample results. For this reason, 39 analyses of cats (25 Van cats, 3 Iran cats 3 Tekir cats, 7 siyam cats and 1 Ankara cat) are presented. 15 primers which is designed by ourselves and gained by some publication are experimented. The study is completed with 6 good working primers. The products of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) CEQ-8000 are determined by using the System of Genetic Analysis of Beckman Coulter and sequence of sequences resoluted with capillary electrophoresis are determined.Results: Each of every Van cats were evaluated in their groups according to one eye or double eye and statistical differentiation was found (P>0.022) between groups. By looking at the data of analysis, one eye at the rate of 80.00% can be said in Van cats. In this study, the selection of 99 bç, a narrow location obtained from mtDNA sequence analysis is evaluated and in spite of a small number of samples the acquired statistical difference is significant.Conclusion: We found significant differences in this study. This should be study with more samples and a large mtDNA D-Loop region

Van kedilerinde bazı biyokimyasal parametreler il cinsiyet, yaş, göz r rengi ve tüy uzunluğu arasındaki ilişkiler

Amaç: Van kedileri, doğu Türkiye kaynaklıdır ve ulusal kültürel varlıkların bir parçasıdır. Van kedilerinin en belirgin özelliği, gözlerinin renkleridir (diskromatopsi). Bu çalışmanın amacı, Van kedilerinde plazma aspartat aminotransferaz, alanin aminotransferaz aktiviteleri, total protein, albümin, glikoz, trigliserit, LDL kolesterol, HDL kolestrol, kan üre / nitrojen ve kreatinin düzeylerini saptamak ve bu parametrelerin cinsiyet, yaş, göz rengi ve tüy uzunluğu ile ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, standart kedi yemi ile beslenen, sağlıklı, 47 adet Van kedisi (Van Kedi Evi, Yuzuncu Yil Üniversitesi, Van) kan plazması kullanıldı. Kediler, cinsiyet (dişierkek), yaş (1-2; 3-4; 5'in üzerinde), göz rengi (amber-amber, amber-mavi, mavi-amber, mavi-mavi, soldan sağa açıklanan gözler) ve tüy uzunluğu (kısa; uzun) temel alınarak gruplara ayrıldı. Plazma biyokimyasal parametreleri ticari kitlerle kolorimetrik olarak spektrofotometre ile belirlendi.Bulgular: Cinsiyete ilişkin olarak parametreler arasında fark yoktu. Kısa tüylü kedilerde uzun tüylü kedilere göre albumin düzeyleri daha yüksekti (p<0.05). Göz rengi açısından değerlendirildiğinde, mavi-mavi gözlü kedi plazma glikoz düzeyleri diğer göz rengi gruplarına göre çok daha yüksekti (p<0.001). Yaş gruplarında, 1-2 yaşındaki kedilerde kreatinin düzeyleri diğer yaş gruplarına göre daha düşüktü (p<0.05)Öneri: Sonuçlarımız, Van kedilerinin plazma biyokimyasal parametrelerinin bazılarının göz rengi, yaş ve tüy uzunluğu ile ilişkili olabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca Van kedilerinden elde edilen bu biyokimyasal bulguların, klinik tanıda yarar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.Aim: Van cats originate from eastern Turkey and they are a part of the national cultural assets. The most striking characteristic feature of the Van cats is the colour of their eyes (dischromatopsy). The aim of this study was to determine plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activities, total protein, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, urea/nitrogen, and creatinin levels and the relation of these parameters with sex, age, eye colour and hair length in Van cats.Materials and Methods: Healthy blood plasma, 47 Van cats (Van Cat House, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van), fed with standart cat food, were used. Cats were divided into groups based on sex (female-male), age (1-2; 3-4; above 5), eye colour (amber-amber, amber-blue, blue-amber, blue-blue, eyes described from left to right) and hair length (short; long). Plasma biochemical parameters were determined colorimetrically by spectrophotometry, with commercial kits. Results: There was no difference between the parameters regarding with sex. Albumin levels were higher in the short-haired cats compared to the long-haired cats (p<0.05). As regards eye colours, blue-blue eyed cat plasma glucose levels were much higher from than in the other eye colour groups (p<0,001). In age groups, creatinin levels were lower (p<0.05) in 1-2 year-old cats compared to the other age groups. Conclusions: Our results indicate that some of the plasma biochemical parameters of the Van cats may be related to their eyecolours, age and hair length. It also can be considered that the biochemical parameters obtained in the Van cat may be useful for the clinical diagnosi

Genetic Diversity of Eight Domestic Goat Populations Raised in Turkey

The objective of this study was to determine the intra- and intergenetic diversities of eight different goat populations in Turkey including Hair, Angora, Kilis, Yayladag, Shami, Honamli, Saanen, and Alpine. A total of 244 DNA samples were genotyped using 11 microsatellites loci. The genetic differentiation between breeds was considerable as a result of the statistically significant (P<0.001) pairwise FST values of each pair of breeds. Exceptionally, FST values calculated for Honamli and Hair breeds were statistically nonsignificant (P>0.05). Heterozygosity values ranged between 0.62 and 0.73. According to the structure and assignment test, Angora and Yayladag goats were assigned to the breed they belong to, while other breeds were assigned to two or more different groups. Because this study for the first time presented genetic data on the Yayladag goat, results of structure analysis and assigned test suggest that further analyses are needed using additional and different molecular markers

Genetic Structure and Variation of Van Cats

To determine the genetic structure and variation of Van cats and some other cats, seven enzyme loci were examined using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. ME bands were observed for the first time in cats. For the enzyme loci CA (1) , SOD, GPI, and GOT, neither the individual Van cats nor the specimens of other cat species exhibited any variation. These enzymes presented identical bands, all of which were homozygous. With respect to the PGD, ME, and ESD loci, however, genetic variation was observed in all of the cats. Hence, three of the seven gene-enzyme systems (43%) were polymorphic with two alleles, contributing to an estimate of average heterozygosity of 0.33-0.49 for the Van cats. PGD was the most discriminatory among the three polymorphic loci. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the Van, Persian, Turkish Angora, and Turkish Tekir cats are distinct from Siamese and Bombay cats

Erythrocyte and spermatozoa glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in merino rams: An experimental study

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate metabolic pathway that supplies reducing agents by maintaining the level of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Objective: It was aimed to determine the activity of erythrocyte and spermatozoa G6PD in the breeding and non-breeding seasons in Merino rams. And also, to find out the relation of these parameters with sperm quality parameters for better understanding the role of this enzyme in male fertility. Materials and Methods: 1.5-2 yr-old healthy, 14 Merino rams were involved. Ejaculate samples were collected using an artificial vagina, in October (the breeding season) and April (the non-breeding season). Blood samples were collected prior to sperm collection. Sperm volume (ml), motility (%), mass activity (1-5), concentration (&times;106), viability (%), abnormal acrosome morphology (%) and abnormal sperm morphology (%) was evaluated. The activities of spermatozoa and erythrocyte G6PD were determined and the relation of sperm parameters with G6PD activity was evaluated. Results: Erythrocyte G6PD activity was higher (p&le;0.001), whereas spermatozoa G6PD activity was lower (p&le;0.001) in the breeding season (1.928&plusmn;0.231 U/g hemoglobin, 129.65&plusmn;28.41 U/g protein, respectively) from that in the non-breeding (0.530&plusmn;0.066 U/g hemoglobin, 562.36&plusmn;94.92 U/g protein, respectively). There were also significant differences among sperm quality parameters within the seasons. Positive correlation was determined between spermatozoa G6PD activity (r=0.053, p=0.03 and sperm concentration in the breeding season. Conclusion: Higher spermatozoa G6PD activity in October, where the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids is suggested to be increased, may reflect the increased need of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and thus higher G6PD activity for the oxidative balance