INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

The pursuit of security is one of the basic human needs, which at the level of a stateorganized society is transformed into the category of national security in the conditions of various social and natural man-made threats. Understanding of national security and the implementation of individual measures to maintain it are based in national interests, which are the national striving for sustainable development, improvement of welfare, improvement of technology, science and culture, strengthening the role in the international arena due to a combination of economic development and military threats, history and traditions, as well as other factors. A modern factor that should be taken into account when realizing the problems that exist in the area of ensuring national security, as well as understanding the changing geopolitical situation, is climate change. For Russian legal science, special attention to environmental issues and the need to preserve the natural balance on the planet for present and future generations are not new. Issues of environmental culture were updated in the Soviet period. Of particular note is Russia's role in shaping the international legal regime on climate change, which is also recognized in foreign legal literature. It was the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the Russian Federation in 2005, under conditions when the Bush administration refused to ratify it, which threatened the future of the protocol, allowed the mechanism envisaged by the Kyoto Protocol to be launched. Russia's position on climate change and the international legal regime that is being formed to address the issues arising in connection with this factor is based on its national interests, due, in particular, to the geopolitical alignment, historical traditions, and level of economic development. Perspectives include such areas as making a positive contribution to the formation of an international legal climate regime, taking leading positions on a number of climate change issues, developing adaptation measures related to global warming, in particular in the Arctic, improving forestry to reduce climate change, developing principles justice in the international climatic regime

Microbial Properties of Urban Soils With Different Land-Use History in New Moscow

Soil microbial properties are highly sensitive to present and past anthropogenic influences such as urban expansion, which is among the most drastic form of land-use change having substantial consequences for soils. New Moscow is an ambitious project to reduce the population of Moscow city that resulted in a rapid urbanization of former croplands, fallow lands, and forested areas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of historical land use in New Moscow on urban soil microbial properties. The land-use map of New Moscow from 2016 was compared with a similar map from 1981 to investigate the main urbanization pathways and land-use history of the new urbanized areas. Compared with 1981, the 2016 urban areas were more than three times greater, and the forest, pasture, and cropland areas were reduced by 9%, 87%, and 18%, respectively. Topsoil (0–10 cm) and subsoil (10–30 cm) samples were collected from 11 nonurbanized and 11 urbanized areas from current and former forest, pasture, and cropland soils. Soil microbial biomass carbon and respiration rates and chemical (pH and total C and N) and physical (bulk density and texture) properties were compared. Urban soils converted from forests and pastures showed negative effects of urbanization on topsoil microbial properties, whereas a conversion of cropland to urban soil increased microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration. Soil microbial properties and N and C contents showed a strong correlation. The influence of historic land use on subsoil microbial properties was not significant

Agronomic and Economic Aspects of Biodiesel Production from Oilseeds: A Case Study in Russia, Middle Volga Region

Emissions from fossil fuels are expected to increase in accordance with the global economy, which causes the development of alternative non-hydrocarbon sources in energy production. Biodiesel is one of the best options, among other sources, due to its low footprint. Russia does not have a smart policy of state support for biofuel production. The work objective was to determine whether it is necessary to develop equipment for biodiesel production, taking into account the structure of cultivated areas and available technologies; to calculate economic indicators of biodiesel production for agricultural needs; to compare the options for spring rape cultivation; as well as calculate the government support optimal level. As research methods, the authors used the apparatus of economic and mathematical modeling, and the method of absolute, relative and average values. Statistical tables are used to present the research results. Based on our study results, it is proven that the homemade biodiesel production by agricultural enterprises is economically justified. The equipment needed for its production was determined, the main economic indicators of the fuel production type and the optimal value of monetary and labor costs were calculated, and the gross and market biofuel values were obtained. The optimum level of government support for biofuel production in the Middle Volga region should be EUR 13.223 million, and the area planted with oil crops should be increased by 47.1 thousand ha

Abstracts of The Second Eurasian RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium

This abstract book contains abstracts of the various research ideas presented at The Second Eurasian RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium.The RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium served as a perfect venue for practitioners, engineers, researchers, scientists, managers and decision-makers from all over the world to exchange ideas and technology about the latest innovation developments dealing with risk minimization