Effect of exercise therapy on lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Yoga has been shown to be a simple and economical therapeutic modality that may be considered as a beneficial adjuvant for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the impact of Hatha yoga and conventional physical training (PT) exercise regimens on biochemical, oxidative stress indicators and oxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This prospective randomized study consisted of 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group that were matched with a similar number of type 2 diabetic patients in the conventional PT exercise and control groups. Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined at baseline and at two consecutive three monthly intervals. The oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde – MDA, protein oxidation – POX, phospholipase A2 – PLA2 activity) and oxidative status [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities] were measured.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The concentrations of FBG in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups after six months decreased by 29.48% and 27.43% respectively (P < 0.0001) and there was a significant reduction in serum TC in both groups (P < 0.0001). The concentrations of VLDL in the managed groups after six months differed significantly from baseline values (P = 0.036). Lipid peroxidation as indicated by MDA significantly decreased by 19.9% and 18.1% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P < 0.0001); whilst the activity of SOD significantly increased by 24.08% and 20.18% respectively (P = 0.031). There was no significant difference in the baseline and 6 months activities of PLA2 and catalase after six months although the latter increased by 13.68% and 13.19% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P = 0.144).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study demonstrate the efficacy of Hatha yoga exercise on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggest that Hatha yoga exercise and conventional PT exercise may have therapeutic preventative and protective effects on diabetes mellitus by decreasing oxidative stress and improving antioxidant status.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12608000217303</p

Synthetic, spectroscopic and structural studies on 4-aminobenzoate complexes of divalent alkaline earth metals: X-ray crystal structures of [{Mg(H2O)(6)}(4-aba)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O and [Ca(H2O)(2)(4-aba)(2)] (4-aba=4-aminobenzoate)

Reactions between MCl2. nH(2)O (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) and 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-abaH) result in the formation of complexes [{Mg(H2O)(6)}(4-aba)(2)]. 2H(2)O (1), [Ca(4-aba)(2)(H2O)(2)] (2), [Sr(4-aba)(2)(H2O)(2)] (3), and [Ba(4-aba)(2)Cl] (4), respectively. The new compounds 1 and 2, as well as the previously reported 3 and 4 form an extended intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonded network in the solid-state. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, pH measurements, thermogravimetric studies, and IR, NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The solid state structures of the molecules 1 and 2 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In the case of magnesium complex 1, the dipositively charged Mg cation is surrounded by six water molecules and the two 4-aminobenzoate Ligands show no direct bonding to the metal ion. The calcium ion in 2 is octa-coordinated with direct coordination of the 4-aminobenzoate ligands to the metal ion. The Ca . . . Ca separation in the polymeric chain of 2 is 3.9047(5) Angstrom

Synthesis, spectral characterization, and structural studies of 2-aminobenzoate complexes of divalent alkaline earth metal ions: X-ray crystal structures of [Ca(2-aba)(2)(OH2)(3)](infinity), [{Sr(2-aba)(2)(OH2)(2)}center dot H2O]infinity, and [Ba(2-aba)(2)(OH2)](infinity) (2-abaH=2-NH2C6H4COOH)

Reactions of alkaline earth metal chlorides with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-abaH) have been investigated. The treatment of MCl2. nH(2)O (M = Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba) with 2-abaH in a 1:2 ratio in a MeOH/H2O/NH3 mixture leads to the formation of anthranilate complexes [Mg(2-aba)(2)] (1), [Ca(2-aba)(2)(OH2)(3)](infinity) (2), [{Sr(2-aba)(2)(OH2)(2)}. H2O)](infinity) (3), and [Ba(2-aba)(2)(OH2)](infinity) (4), respectively. Alternatively, these products can also be obtained starting from the corresponding metal acetates. Anthranilate complexes 1-4 have been characterized with die aid of elemental analysis, pH measurements, thermal analysis, and infrared, ultraviolet, and NMR (H-1 and C-13) spectroscopic studies. All the products are found to be thermally very stable and do not melt on heating to 250 degrees C. Thermal studies of complexes 2-4, however, indicate the loss of coordinated and lattice water molecules below 200 degrees C. In the case of the magnesium complex, the analytical and thermogravimetric studies indicate the absence of any coordinated or uncoordinated water molecules. Further, the solid-state structures of metal anthranilates 2-4 have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. While the calcium ions in 2 are heptacoordinated, the strontium and barium ions in 3 and 4 reveal a coordination number of 9 apart from an additional weak metal-metal interaction along the polymeric chains. The carboxylate groups show different chelating and bridging modes of coordination behavior in the three complexes. Interestingly, apart from the carboxylate functionality, the amino group also binds to the metal centers in the case of strontium and barium complexes 3 and 4. However, the coordination sphere of 2 contains only O donors. All three compounds form polymeric networks in the solid state with the aid of different coordinating capabilities of the carboxylate anions and O-H ... O and N-H ... O hydrogen bonding interactions