Management of acromegaly in Latin America: expert panel recommendations

Although there are international guidelines orienting physicians on how to manage patients with acromegaly, such guidelines should be adapted for use in distinct regions of the world. A panel of neuroendocrinologists convened in Mexico City in August of 2007 to discuss specific considerations in Latin America. Of major discussion was the laboratory evaluation of acromegaly, which requires the use of appropriate tests and the adoption of local institutional standards. As a general rule to ensure diagnosis, the patient’s GH level during an oral glucose tolerance test and IGF-1 level should be evaluated. Furthermore, to guide treatment decisions, both GH and IGF-1 assessments are required. The treatment of patients with acromegaly in Latin America is influenced by local issues of cost, availability and expertise of pituitary neurosurgeons, which should dictate therapeutic choices. Such treatment has undergone profound changes because of the introduction of effective medical interventions that may be used after surgical debulking or as first-line medical therapy in selected cases. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of therapy for small pituitary adenomas (microadenomas), potentially resectable macroadenomas and invasive adenomas causing visual defects. Radiotherapy may be indicated in selected cases when no disease control is achieved despite optimal surgical debulking and medical therapy, when there is no access to somatostatin analogues, or when local issues of cost preclude other therapies. Since not all the diagnostic tools and treatment options are available in all Latin American countries, physicians need to adapt their clinical management decisions to the available local resources and therapeutic options

Expression of p53, Ki-67 and c-erb B2 in growth hormone-and/or prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas Expressão de p53, Ki-67 e c-erb B2 em adenomas hipofisários secretores de prolactina e/ou hormônio de crescimento

The subcellular events implicated on the formation and behavior of pituitary adenomas are not fully understood. In this study we investigated the presence of p53, Ki-67 and c-erb B2 in 38 pituitary adenomas with immunohistochemical positivity for GH and prolactin (n=26; 68.4%), for prolactin (n=9; 23.7%) and for GH (n=3. 7.8%). The analyses revealed the following results: 24 (63.2%) tumors expressed variable positivity for c-erb B2, 11 (28.9%) expressed p53 positivity and 11 (28.9%) tumors were variably positive for Ki-67. Our results demonstrated a high percentage of GH/prolactin-, prolactin- and GH-secreting tumors with immunohistochemical positivity for c-erb B2. Once this membrane receptor is related to growth factors EGF and TGFalpha and both have a definite effect on tumor growth, our data suggest a possible role for c-erb B2 on the evolution of these tumors.<br>Os eventos subcelulares implicados na formação e comportamento dos adenomas hipofisários não são completamente compreendidos. Neste estudo nós investigamos a presença de p53, Ki-67 e c-erb B2 em 38 adenomas hipofisários com positividade imuno-histoquímica para GH e prolactina (n=26, 68,4%), para prolactina (n=9, 23,7%) e para GH (n=3, 7,8%). A análise revelou os seguintes resultados: 24 tumores (63,2%) expressaram positividade variável para c-erb B2, 11 (28,9%) expressaram positividade para p53 e 11 tumores (28,9%) foram variavelmente positivos para Ki-67. Nossos resultados demonstraram elevada percentagem de tumores secretores de GH/prolactina, prolactina e GH com positividade imuno-histoquímica para c-erb B2. Desde que este receptor de membrana está relacionado aos fatores de crescimento EGF e TGFalfa e ambos têm efeito definido no crescimento tumoral, nossos dados sugerem possível função para o c-erb B2 na evolução destes tumores