Chromosomal organization at the level of gene complexes

Metazoan genomes primarily consist of non-coding DNA in comparison to coding regions. Non-coding fraction of the genome contains cis-regulatory elements, which ensure that the genetic code is read properly at the right time and space during development. Regulatory elements and their target genes define functional landscapes within the genome, and some developmentally important genes evolve by keeping the genes involved in specification of common organs/tissues in clusters and are termed gene complex. The clustering of genes involved in a common function may help in robust spatio-temporal gene expression. Gene complexes are often found to be evolutionarily conserved, and the classic example is the hox complex. The evolutionary constraints seen among gene complexes provide an ideal model system to understand cis and trans-regulation of gene function. This review will discuss the various characteristics of gene regulatory modules found within gene complexes and how they can be characterized

Design criteria for coatings in next generation condensing economizers

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Surface processing of the materials used for the heat exchanging surfaces in condensing economizers and related facilities are used to deliver coatings to protect them from the corrosive condensates. By delivering increased corrosion protection, intact thermal conductivity, along with robust mechanical and wear resistance characteristics at low process costs, the lifetime of the investment is increased and the service periods become longer. However, during the past years surface processing has provided tools towards solutions for additional favorable surface features related to wetting phenomena. Coatings to enhance the dropwise condensation over the film-wise condensation, to increase the condensate collection rate and to promote the self-jumping of the condensates are far from rare. These features have a tremendous effect on the heat transfer coefficient and hence on the thermal efficiency of related heat exchange applications. Still, such features are typically not included on the testing protocols for the coatings being developed or demonstrated and they are not among the standard engineering selection criteria. In this work we briefly describe these features and provide preliminary equations for design and evaluation of their importance on the heat transfer coefficient.European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programm