High production of small organic dicarboxylate dianions by DESI and ESI

A significant production of gas-phase dicarboxylate dianions has been observed in standard ESI and DESI during the analysis of small organic dicarboxylic acids under moderate or highly alkaline conditions. In ESI, this can be attributed to an excess of hydroxyl ions (OH–) which favor the formation of an high amount of dianions in solution, contemporarily trapping the potential counter ions during the ESI process. The results obtained in DESI highlight the role of the surface in trapping the counterions during desorption process and determining the ultimate nature of the observed gas-phase ion

Divergent Modulation of Proteostasis in Prostate Cancer

Ballar, Petek/0000-0002-6189-1818WOS: 000530838600006PubMed: 32274755Proteostasis regulates key cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, transcription, and apoptosis. the mechanisms by which proteostasis is regulated are crucial and the deterioration of cellular proteostasis has been significantly associated with tumorigenesis since it specifically targets key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Androgens mediate one of the most central signaling pathways in all stages of PCa via the androgen receptor (AR). in addition to their regulation by hormones, PCa cells are also known to be highly secretory and are particularly prone to ER stress as proper ER function is essential. Alterations in various complex signaling pathways and cellular processes including cell cycle control, transcription, DNA repair, apoptosis, cell adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis are critical factors influencing PCa development through key molecular changes mainly by posttranslational modifications in PCa-related proteins, including AR, NKX3.1, PTEN, p53, cyclin D1, and p27. Several ubiquitin ligases like MDM2, Siah2, RNF6, CHIP, and substrate-binding adaptor SPOP; deubiquitinases such as USP7, USP10, USP26, and USP12 are just some of the modifiers involved in the regulation of these key proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Some ubiquitin-like modifiers, especially SUMOs, have been also closely associated with PCa. on the other hand, the proteotoxicity resulting from misfolded proteins and failure of ER adaptive capacity induce unfolded protein response (UPR) that is an indispensable signaling mechanism for PCa development. Lastly, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) also plays a crucial role in prostate tumorigenesis. in this section, the relationship between prostate cancer and proteostasis will be discussed in terms of UPS, UPR, SUMOylation, ERAD, and autophagy.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [SBAG-108S056/114S062]; Ege University internal funds; BAGEP Award of the Science Academy; Pfizer-TurkeyPfizer; COST Action (PROTEOSTASIS)European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) [BM1307]; COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)Work by PBK is supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, SBAG-108S056/114S062), Ege University internal funds, BAGEP Award of the Science Academy with funding supplied by Pfizer-Turkey, COST Action (PROTEOSTASIS BM1307), and by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)