Phenolic compounds in acerola fruit and by?products: an overview on identification, quantification, influencing factors, and biological properties.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) is a cherry-like tropical fruit well-known for being a rich source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and phenolic compounds. This review provides a complete overview on aspects related to phenolic compounds of acerola fruit and by-products, comprising the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds, influencing fac- tors, and biological properties. Scientific evidences suggest that the acerola is a promising superfruit with great potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. At least 76 phenolic compounds were identified using high performance liquid chromatography in acerolas, including 55 flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones and chalcones) and 21 non-flavonoids (phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans). Phenolic compounds in acerola show several biological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. However, studies are further required to assess the seasonal and genotypic influence on the phenolics of acerola and their bioaccessibility. Acerola is an anthocyanin-rich fruit with high potential for pigment extraction, but stabilization of anthocyanins in juice and pulp should be further elucidated and improved.Online

Brazilian varieties of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) produced under tropical semi- arid conditions: Bioactive phenolic compounds, sugars, organic acids, and antioxidant capacity.

Acerola fruit has gained prominence for its high nutraceutical value, associated with high levels of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. The objectives of this study were to analyze the chemistry composition and antioxidant capacity in seven Brazilian varieties of acerola. All acerola genotypes were harvested at the red ripe maturity stage, and the fruit were subjected to metabolite analyses by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The varieties presented high levels of ascorbic acid and malic acid. The main sugars observed in acerola were glucose and fructose. Cyanidin-3-rhamnoside was the main phenolic compound in the fruit (149?682 mg/kg FW), which had higher concentration in the varieties BRS 235-Apodi, BRS 236-Cereja, and BRS 237-Roxinha. Other phenolic compounds also observed in the fruit were quercetin-3-glucoside, isorhamnetin, catechin, procyanidin A2, naringenin, hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, and trans-resveratrol. In conclusion, the observed wide range of acerola nutraceutical properties was related to the high genetic variability among genotype

Correlações entre descritores de fruto de aceroleira em diferentes estádios de maturação.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as correlações entre descritores de frutos avaliados em acessos de aceroleira do Banco Ativo de Geromplasma (BAG) da Embrapa Semiárido

Non-destructive assessment of quality traits in apples and pears using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a hand-held NIR spectrometer for non-destructive quality analysis of apples and pears produced in the Brazilian Semi-arid region. NIR spectra were acquired with a portable spectrometer in the wavelength range of 750–1065 nm and reference analyses of dry matter content (DMC) and soluble solids content (SSC) were measured weekly during 10 weeks of storage at 0.5 °C. Spectra were pre-processed with standard normal variate and used to develop DMC and SSC models using partial least squares re- gression with full cross-validation. The models were validated using data not included in the calibration. Satisfactory prediction results were obtained for SSC in apples (R² = 0.58) and pears (R² = 0.55), and for DMC in apples (R² = 0.55) and pears (R² = 0.65). All prediction models showed a relative root mean square error of prediction lower than 8%. These findings indicate that the NIR spectrometer is a promising tool to be used for a rapid and non-destructive determination of internal quality traits in apples and pears

Portable VIS-NIR spectrometer for non-destructive determination of quality traits in apples and pears.

The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a handheld VIS-NIR spectrometer for non-destructively quality analysis of apples and pears produced in the Brazilian Semi-arid region

Índice de seleção para a identificação de genótipos superiores de acerola destinados ao consumo in natura.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar genótipos de acerola que apresentam a melhor combinação para diferentes atributos físico-químicos para o consumo in natura por meio de índice de seleção

Multivariate selection index of acerola genotypes for fresh consumption based on fruit physicochemical attributes.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is one of the most important fruit produced in the São Francisco Valley, a Semi-arid region in the Northeast of Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical quality of thirty-fve acerola genotypes produced during two growing seasons in a Semi-arid region and to identify the best ones with potential for fresh consumption based on a multivariate selection index. Fruit of each genotype were harvested during two growing seasons at the maturity stage red-ripe, characterized by full red skin color. After harvest, the fruit were evaluated for diameter, mass, fesh frmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) SS/TA ratio, ascorbic acid content and skin color. A multivariate selection index (SI) was applied for scoring and ranking the genotypes for fresh consumption based on red-ripe fruit physicochemical quality. According to the results, all physicochemical attributes had high variability among genotypes. The SI was a powerful tool for identifying genotypes with high potential for fresh consumption, since it allowed selecting genotypes with multiple desirable traits. In the frst and second growing seasons, the SI identifed the genotypes PROG 052 (SI = 76.1 and 78.9), BRS Rubra (SI = 74.1 and 99.5), Cabocla (SI = 72.3 and 70.7), Costa Rica (SI = 61.2 and 73.8) and PROG 069 (SI = 68.1 and 72.4) as the most promising ones for fresh consumption due to the presence of multiple desirable traits such as high diameter, mass, fesh frmness, SS, and SS/AT ratio, as well as lower acidity

Sample size for postharvest quality traits of Palmer mangoes.

The objective of this study was to determine the most efficient sample size required to estimate the mean of postharvest quality traits of ?Palmer? mangoes harvested in two growing seasons. A total of 50 mangoes were harvested at maturity stage 2, in winter (June 2020) and spring (October 2020), and evaluated for weight, length, ventral and transverse diameter, skin and pulp L*, C* and hº, dry matter, firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and the SS/TA ratio. According to the results, the coefficient of variation (CV) of fruit quality traits ranged from 2.1% to 18.1%. The highest CV in both harvests was observed for the SS/TA ratio, while the lowest was reported for pulp hº. In order to estimate the mean of physicochemical traits of ?Palmer? mangoes, 12 fruits are needed in the winter and 14 in the spring, considering an estimation error of 10% and a confidence interval of 95%. TA and the SS/TA ratio required the highest sample size, while L* and hº required the lowest sample size. In conclusion, the variability was different among physicochemical traits and seasons, implying that different sample sizes are required to estimate the mean of different quality traits in different growing seasons

Diversidade genética em acessos de aceroleira baseada em descritores físico-quimíco de frutos em diferentes estádios de maturação.

O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a diversidade dos últimos acessos introduzidos no BAG de aceroleira da Embrapa, conjuntamente com o germoplasma presente nas principais áreas tradicionais de cultivo

Minimum O2 levels during storage to inhibit aerobic respiration and prolong the postharvest life of Tommy Atkins mangoes produced in different growing seasons.

The definition of the minimum O2 levels required to maximally inhibit fruit aerobic respiration is essential to efficiently delay ripening and senescence during long-distance transportation. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum O2 levels required to maximally inhibit the aerobic respiration and prolong the post- harvest life of ?Tommy Atkins? mangoes produced during the summer, winter and spring growing seasons in the S ?ao Francisco Valley (SFV), Brazil. For the identification of the minimum O2 levels, mangoes were stored for 42 days at 9 ?C and 90?95% RH. The change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism was weekly determined based on the levels of O2, CO2 and ethanol production inside hermetically closed containers containing fruit samples. The minimum O2 levels required to maintain aerobic respiration of mangoes produced in the summer, winter and spring changed from 0.25 to 13.75 kPa, 0.80 to 2.30 kPa and 1.42 to 17.40 kPa, respectively, as the storage duration increased. In order to validate the minimum O2 levels to maintain fruit aerobic respiration and quality, ?Tommy Atkins? mangoes produced in the SFV were harvested at the commercial maturity in the winter growing season in 2022 and were stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) conditions with the minimum O2 levels determined with fruit produced in the same growing season in the previous year, 2021. Fruit stored under DCA were compared to fruit stored in refrigerated atmosphere (RA) for 60 days at 9 ?C and 90?95% RH. The minimum O2 levels used in the DCA effectively inhibited fruit ripening, controlled black flesh and reduced rot incidence during 60 days of cold storage and 60 + 7 days of shelf life