Modeling the genetic code: p-adic approach. In: Trends in Biomathematics: Modeling Cells, Flows

Abstract and Figures The genetic code (GC) plays a central role in all living organisms. From a mathematical point of view, the GC is a map from a set of 64 elements (which are codons) onto a set of 21 elements (which are 20 amino acids and 1 stop signal). The GC is the result of evolution, experimentally deciphered as early as the mid-1960s, but its satisfactory theoretical understanding does not yet exist. There are many papers on the GC modeling, its origin and evolution, but also many unsolved issues. In this contribution we provide a brief overview of genetic code modeling, highlighting the p-adic approach, which can describe many properties of the GC. Our primary mathematical tool is a p-adic distance, which simply and adequately describes similarities within the GC. We also point how one could apply this mathematical method to other sequences with a bioinformatic content

Mogamulizumab in Combination with Nivolumab in a Phase I/II Study of Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine safety, antitumor activity, and pharmacodynamic profile of mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody targeting effector regulatory T cells (Treg) in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter, dose-finding (phase I), and dose expansion (phase II) study (NCT02705105) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. There were no dose-limiting toxicities in phase I with mogamulizumab 1 mg/kg every week for cycle 1 followed by 1 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks intravenously, and cohort expansion occurred at this dose level. RESULTS: All 114 patients treated with mogamulizumab 1 mg/kg plus nivolumab 240 mg in phases I ( CONCLUSIONS: Combination of mogamulizumab with nivolumab for treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors did not result in enhanced efficacy. Tolerability of mogamulizumab 1 mg/kg plus nivolumab 240 mg was acceptable