The power of moral words: loaded language generates framing effects in the extreme dictator game

Understanding whether preferences are sensitive to the frame has been a major topic of debate in the last decades. For example, several works have explored whether the dictator game in the give frame gives rise to a different rate of pro-sociality than the same game in the take frame, leading to mixed results. Here we contribute to this debate with two experiments. In Study 1 (N = 567) we implement an extreme dictator game in which the dictator either gets $0.50 and the recipient gets nothing, or the opposite (i.e., the recipient gets$0.50 and the dictator gets nothing). We experimentally manipulate the words describing the available actions using six terms, from very negative (e.g., stealing) to very positive (e.g., donating) connotations. We find that the rate of pro-sociality is affected by the words used to describe the available actions. In Study 2 (N = 221) we ask brand new participants to rate each of the words used in Study 1 from “extremely wrong” to “extremely right” . We find that these moral judgements explain the framing effect in Study 1. In sum, our studies provide evidence that framing effects in an extreme Dictator game can be generated using morally loaded language

Effect of red wine maceration techniques on oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins in wine, cv. Blaufrankisch

The influence of duration of maceration, of different maceration temperatures during the last two days of maceration, and the effect of malolactic fermentation on the content of oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins in wine, cv. Blaufränkisch, were investigated using spectrophotometric methods and the NP-HPLC procedure. Results show that the duration of maceration affected the extraction from seeds more strongly, while heating of must primarily affected the extraction from skins. An increase of temperature from 25°C to 35°C during the last two days of maceration increased total anthocyanins and high molecular weight proanthocyanidins. Malolactic fermentation lowered the color of wine, the amount of total anthocyanins and total polyphenols and may reduce polymerization reactions of proanthocyanidins.

Dynamic Control of Nanopore Wetting in Water and Saline Solutions under an Electric Field

Field-induced nanopore wetting by aqueous solutions, including electrolytes, provides opportunities for a variety of applications. Con!icting porosity requirements have so far precluded direct implementations of a two-way control: the pores have to be su ciently wide to allow water in#ltration at experimentally relevant voltages but should not exceed the kinetic threshold for spontaneous expulsion in the absence of the #eld. Applicable widths are restricted below a few nanometers. Only a narrow window of #elds and pore geometries can simultaneously satisfy both of the above requirements. Accurate accounts of wetting equilibria and dynamics at nanoscale porosity require molecular level descriptions. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to study dynamic, #eld-controlled transitions between nanocon#ned liquid and vapor phases in contact with an unperturbed aqueous or electrolyte environment. In nanopores wetted by electrolyte solutions, we observe depletion of salt compared to the bulk phase. The application of a local electric #eld enhances the uptake of water and ions in the con#nement. In systems prone to capillary evaporation, the process can be reversed at su cient strength of the electric #eld. For alternating displacement #eld, we identify the conditions where O (ns) responses of the reversible in#ltration/ expulsion cycle can be secured for experimentally realizable #eld strengths, porosity, and salinity of the solution

Reversible electrowetting transitions on superhydrophobic surfaces

Electric field applied across the interface has been shown to enable transitions from Cassie to Wenzel state on superhydrophobic surfaces with miniature corrugations. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations manifest the possibility of reversible cycling between the two states when narrow surface wells support spontaneous expulsion of water in the absence of the field. With approximately 1 nm sized wells between the surface asperities, response times to changes of electric field are of O(0.1) ns, allowing up to GHz frequency of the cycle. Because of orientation preferences of interfacial water in contact with the solid, the phenomenon depends on the polarity of the field normal to the interface. The threshold field strength for the Cassie-to-Wenzel transition is significantly lower for the field pointing from the aqueous phase to the surface, however, once in the Wenzel state, the opposite field direction secures tighter filling of the wells. Considerable hysteresis revealed by the delayed water retraction at decreasing field strength indicates the presence of moderate kinetic barriers to expulsion. Known to scale approximately with the square of the length scale of the corrugations, these barriers preclude the use of increased corrugation sizes while the reduction of the well diameter necessitates stronger electric fields. Field-controlled Cassie-to-Wenzel transitions are therefore optimized by using superhydrophobic surfaces with nanosized corrugations. Abrupt changes indicate a high degree of cooperativity reflecting the correlations between wetting states of interconnected wells on the textured surface

On the semiclassical treatment of Hawking radiation

In the context of the semiclassical treatment of Hawking radiation we prove the universality of the reduced canonical momentum for the system of a massive shell self gravitating in a spherical gravitational field within the Painlev\'e family of gauges. We show that one can construct modes which are regular on the horizon both by considering as hamiltonian the exterior boundary term and by using as hamiltonian the interior boundary term. The late time expansion is given in both approaches and their time Fourier expansion computed to reproduce the self reaction correction to the Hawking spectrum.Comment: 18 pages, LaTeX, Corrected typo

AN ALGORITHM FOR CONSTRUCTING CERTAIN DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS IN POSITIVE CHARACTERISTIC

Given a non-zero polynomial f in a polynomial ring R with coefficients in a finite field of prime characteristic p, we present an algorithm to compute a differential operator delta which raises 1/f to its pth power. For some specific families of polynomials, we also study the level of such a differential operator delta, i.e., the least integer e such that delta is R-pe -linear. In particular, we obtain a characterization of supersingular elliptic curves in terms of the level of the associated differential operator