194 research outputs found
Management of neurologic complication after regional anaesthesia ā what to tell the patient?
LijeÄenje miastenije gravis pomoÄu plazmafereze i specifiÄne imunoadsorpcije
Myasthenia gravis is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease in which circulating acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies have been identified that bind to the receptor sites in voluntary muscles, thereby damaging and blocking the receptors. Selective removal of the blocking antibody by plasmapheresis or specific immunoadsorption provides important methods in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis. Novel immunoadsorbent columns have been developed especially for the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis, using a specific affinity ligand (Torpedo 183-200, a synthetic peptide) to remove the blocking antibody. This immunoadsorbent produced specific removal of the blocking antibody without reducing other plasma proteins. Clinical improvement was observed in 78% of myasthenia gravis patients. There were no adverse effects.Miastenija gravis je autoimuna bolest kod koje se cirkulirajuÄa protutijela protiv receptora za acetilkolin vežu za receptorska mjesta na popreÄnoprugastim miÅ”iÄima i dovode do blokiranja i oÅ”teÄenja receptora. BlokirajuÄa protutijela mogu se specifiÄno odstraniti iz plazme bolesnika s miastenijom gravis pomoÄu plazmafereze ili specifiÄne imunoadsorpcije. Nove kolone za imunoadsorpciju u kojima se kao specifiÄni vezaÄ za blokirajuÄe protutijelo acetilkolinskih receptora rabi sintetiÄki peptid Torpedo 183-200 pokazale su visoku specifiÄnost u odstranjivanju blokirajuÄih protutijela, a da pritom nisu utjecale na koncentraciju drugih bjelanÄevina u plazmi. Do kliniÄkog poboljÅ”anja doÅ”lo je u 78% bolesnika s miastenijom gravis, a da nije zabilježena niti jedna nuspojava
JE LI DOBROBIT OD LIJEÄENJA ASPIRINOM U BOLESNIKA KOJI GA UZIMAJU ZBOG PRIMARNE PREVECIJE MOŽDANO- I SRÄANOKRVOŽILNIH BOLESTI VEÄA OD RIZIKA KRVARENJA?
Daily aspirin use has long been heralded for its cardioprotective effects, particularly in at-risk individuals like those with diabetes mellitus. However, a signifi cant amount of research published in the last 5 years has called into question the benefits of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding with aspirin use include higher dose and longer duration of use, history of gastrointestinal ulcers or upper gastrointestinal pain, bleeding disorders, renal failure, severe liver disease, and thrombocytopenia. Other factors that increase the risk of gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding with low-dose aspirin use include concurrent anticoagulation or nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug use, uncontrolled hypertension, male sex, and older age. Aspirin for primary cardiovascular disease prevention should be highly individualized, based on the benefi t-risk ratio assessment for the given patient.Dnevna upotreba aspirina veÄ je dugo poznata zbog svojih zaÅ”titnih moždano- i srÄanokrvožilnih uÄinaka, Å”to je osobito izraženo u osoba s visokim rizikom (npr. osoba sa Å”eÄernom bolesti). MeÄutim, znaÄajan broj istraživanja objavljenih u posljednjih pet godina dovodi u pitanje prednosti aspirina u primarnoj prevenciji moždano- i srÄanokrvožilnih bolesti. Äimbenici rizika za krvarenje iz probavnog sustava uzrokovanog aspirinom ukljuÄuju veÄu dozu i dugotrajno uzimanje lijeka, anamnezu o ulkusnoj bolesti, bolnost u žliÄici, poremeÄaje zgruÅ”avanja krvi, zatajenje bubrega, teÅ”ku bolest jetre i trombocitopeniju. Drugi Äimbenici koji poveÄavaju rizik od krvarenja iz probavnog sustava ili moždano krvarenje u osoba koje uzimaju nisku dozu aspirina ukljuÄuju istodobnu uporabu antikoagulacijskih lijekova ili nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova, nekontroliranu hipertenziju, muÅ”ki spol i stariju dob. Primarna prevencija moždano- i srÄanokrvožilnih bolesti uzrokovanih aspirinom mora biti prilagoÄena svakom pojedinom bolesniku pri Äemu treba uzeti u obzir omjer koristi i Å”tete od uzimanja lijeka
Plazmafereza u neuroloŔkim bolestima
Two decades after the initial encouraging reports on plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis, neurologic diseases represent the most common indication for therapeutic plasma exchange. Recent studies have not only established the therapeutic importance of plasmapheresis, but have also set new standards for the management of autoimmune neurologic disorders. Plasmapheresis has proved beneficial in autoimmune neurologic diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and paraprotein-associated polyneuropathy. In some other diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, plasmapheresis cannot be considered a generally accepted therapeutic option. However, in chronic autoimmune diseases such as progressive multiple sclerosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, plasmapheresis is recommended in patients whose condition continues to worsen despite immunosuppressive drug therapies, and in those for whom it is desirable to reduce the dose of corticosteroids to avoid long-term complications. Based on the initial studies, plasmapheresis in conjunction with immunosuppressive drug therapies is now standard therapy for Eaton-Lambert syndrome.Dva desetljeÄa nakon poÄetnih ohrabrujuÄih rezultata lijeÄenja miastenije gravis pomoÄu plazmafereze, neuroloÅ”ke bolesti danas su najÄeÅ”Äa indikacija za terapijsku izmjenu plazme. Plazmafereza je korisna metoda u lijeÄenju autoimunih neuroloÅ”kih bolesti poput Guillain-Barreova sindroma, miastenije gravis i polineuropatije uzrokovane paraproteinima. U nekim drugim neuroloÅ”kim bolestima (multipla skleroza, polimiozitis, dermatomiozitis, kroniÄna upalna demijelinizirajuÄa polineuropatija) plazmafereza nije opÄenito prihvaÄeni naÄin lijeÄenja. MeÄutim, u kroniÄnim autoimunim bolestima kao Å”to su multipla skleroza, polimiozitis, dermatomiozitis i kroniÄna upalna demijelinizirajuÄa polineuropatija, plazmafereza se preporuÄa u bolesnika u kojih nije doÅ”lo do poboljÅ”anja usprkos terapiji imunosupresivnim lijekovima, te u onih bolesnika u kojih je potrebno smanjiti dozu kortikosteroida kako bi se izbjegle komplikacije koje mogu nastati zbog dugotrajne terapije. Plazmafereza i imunosupresivni lijekovi danas su standardna terapija za Eaton-Lambertov sindrom
Terapijska izmjena plazme u neuroloÅ”koj jedinici intenzivnog lijeÄenja
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE ) is a well-established therapeutic procedure commonly used in many neurologic immune-mediated disorders. It is thought that the beneficial effects of TPE occur through elimination of pathognomonic autoantibodies, immune complexes, inflammatory mediators, complement components and cytokines, which play a crucial role in many kinds of neurologic autoimmune disease. In various neurologic disorders, randomized controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of TPE (e.g., in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-BarrĆ© syndrome), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, myasthenia gravis and paraproteinemic polyneuropathies). For these disorders, TPE is accepted as first-line therapy, either as a primary standalone treatment or in conjunction with other modes of treatment. Although widely used, the potential benefit of TPE in the treatment of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, chronic focal encephalitis (Rasmussenās encephalitis), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica (Devicās disease) is less clear. For these disorders, TPE is accepted as second-line therapy, either as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other modes of treatment.Terapijska izmjena plazme (TIP ) je dobro poznata terapijska metoda koju se rabi u lijeÄenju brojnih imuno posredovanih neuroloÅ”kih bolesti. Povoljni uÄinci TIP ostvaruju se uklanjanjem plazmatskih uzroÄnika bolesti odnosno autoantitjela, imunih kompleksa, posrednika upale, sastavnica komplementa i citokina koji imaju kljuÄnu ulogu u nastanku neuroloÅ”kih autoimunih bolesti. Randomizirana, kontrolirana istraživanja dokazala su uÄinkovitost TIP u lijeÄenju slijedeÄih neuroloÅ”kih bolesti: akutna upalna demijelinizirajuÄa polineuropatija (AUDP; Guillain-BarrĆ©ov sindrom), kroniÄna upalna demijelinizirajuÄa poliradikulopatija (KUDP), mijastenija gravis (MG ) i paraproteinemijske polineuropatije (PP ). U tim je bolestima TIP prihvaÄena kao prvi izbor lijeÄenja, kao jedina metoda ili u kombinaciji s drugim terapijskim metodama. UÄinkovitost lijeÄenja pomoÄu TIP manje je uvjerljiva u neuroloÅ”kim bolestima kao Å”to su akutni diseminirani encefalomijelitis (ADEM ), kroniÄni fokalni encefalitis (Rasmussenov encefalitis), Lambert-Eatonov mijasteniÄni sindrom (LEMS ), multipla skleroza (MS ) i optiÄki neuromijelitis (ON ; Deviceva bolest). U tim bolestima TIP je prihvaÄena kao drugi izbor lijeÄenja, i to kao jedina metoda ili u kombinaciji s drugim vrstama lijeÄenja
Terapijska izmjena plazme u neuroloÅ”koj jedinici intenzivnog lijeÄenja
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE ) is a well-established therapeutic procedure commonly used in many neurologic immune-mediated disorders. It is thought that the beneficial effects of TPE occur through elimination of pathognomonic autoantibodies, immune complexes, inflammatory mediators, complement components and cytokines, which play a crucial role in many kinds of neurologic autoimmune disease. In various neurologic disorders, randomized controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of TPE (e.g., in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-BarrĆ© syndrome), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, myasthenia gravis and paraproteinemic polyneuropathies). For these disorders, TPE is accepted as first-line therapy, either as a primary standalone treatment or in conjunction with other modes of treatment. Although widely used, the potential benefit of TPE in the treatment of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, chronic focal encephalitis (Rasmussenās encephalitis), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica (Devicās disease) is less clear. For these disorders, TPE is accepted as second-line therapy, either as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other modes of treatment.Terapijska izmjena plazme (TIP ) je dobro poznata terapijska metoda koju se rabi u lijeÄenju brojnih imuno posredovanih neuroloÅ”kih bolesti. Povoljni uÄinci TIP ostvaruju se uklanjanjem plazmatskih uzroÄnika bolesti odnosno autoantitjela, imunih kompleksa, posrednika upale, sastavnica komplementa i citokina koji imaju kljuÄnu ulogu u nastanku neuroloÅ”kih autoimunih bolesti. Randomizirana, kontrolirana istraživanja dokazala su uÄinkovitost TIP u lijeÄenju slijedeÄih neuroloÅ”kih bolesti: akutna upalna demijelinizirajuÄa polineuropatija (AUDP; Guillain-BarrĆ©ov sindrom), kroniÄna upalna demijelinizirajuÄa poliradikulopatija (KUDP), mijastenija gravis (MG ) i paraproteinemijske polineuropatije (PP ). U tim je bolestima TIP prihvaÄena kao prvi izbor lijeÄenja, kao jedina metoda ili u kombinaciji s drugim terapijskim metodama. UÄinkovitost lijeÄenja pomoÄu TIP manje je uvjerljiva u neuroloÅ”kim bolestima kao Å”to su akutni diseminirani encefalomijelitis (ADEM ), kroniÄni fokalni encefalitis (Rasmussenov encefalitis), Lambert-Eatonov mijasteniÄni sindrom (LEMS ), multipla skleroza (MS ) i optiÄki neuromijelitis (ON ; Deviceva bolest). U tim bolestima TIP je prihvaÄena kao drugi izbor lijeÄenja, i to kao jedina metoda ili u kombinaciji s drugim vrstama lijeÄenja
Temporomandibularni poremeÄaji i migrenska glavobolja
Migraine headache and temporomandibular disorders show significant overlap in the area or distribution of pain, the gender prevalence and age distribution.
Temporomandibular disorders may cause headaches per se, worsen existent primary headaches, and add to the burden of headache disorders.
The patients with combined migraine and tension-type headaches had a higher prevelance of temporomandibular disorders.
Evidence supporting a close relationship include the increased masticatory muscle tenderness in migrainuers compared and improvement in headache symptoms with traditional TMD treatment.Migrena i temporomandibularni poremeÄaji imaju mnogo zajedniÄkog. Obje vrste poremeÄaja javljaju se u mlaÄoj životnoj dobi, ÄeÅ”Äe u osoba ženskog spola, a i distribucija boli sliÄna je.
Temporomandibularni poremeÄaji mogu biti jedan od uzroka glavobolje ili mogu pogorÅ”ati primarnu glavobolju.
Prevalencija temporomandibularnih poremeÄaja ÄeÅ”Äe se javlja u bolesnika koji imaju kombinaciju migrenske i tenzijske glavobolje.
Bolesnici s migrenskom glavoboljom ÄeÅ”Äe imaju napetost mastikatornih miÅ”iÄa, a do poboljÅ”anja dolazi nakon Å”to budu lijeÄeni istim metodama kao i bolesnici s temporomandibularnim poremeÄajima
DIAGNOSIS AND FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH ANDERSON-FABRY DISEASE
Anderson-Fabryjeva bolest (AFB) je X-vezan poremeÄaj nakupljanja supstrata u lizosomima uzrokovan mutacijama gena za galaktozidazu (GLA). Znatno smanjena ili odsutna aktivnost enzima Ī±-galaktozidaza A (Ī±-Gal A) rezultira progresivnim nakupljanjem glikolipida, prije svega globotriaosilceramida (Gb3) u cirkulaciji i brojnim stanicama, tkivima i organima, posljedica je viÅ”estruko zatajivanje organskih sustava. Bolesnici s tim genetskim poremeÄajem imaju veliki rizik od razvoja neuropatije malih vlakana, uglavnom ishemijskog moždanog udara, kroniÄne bolesti bubrega, fibrotske srÄane bolesti Å”to rezultira poremeÄajima srÄanog ritma i provoÄenja, kao i progresivnom hipertrofiÄnom kardiomiopatijom. Iako je AFB povezan s X-kromosomom, obolijevaju osobe oba spola. Dijagnoza AFB-a zahtijeva odliÄno poznavanje te bolesti i vrlo osnovanu kliniÄku sumnju, dobar detaljan fizikalni pregled, laboratorijske i slikovne preglede za pojedine organe, a potvrÄuje se nalazom bitno smanjene aktivnosti enzima Ī±-Gal A homozigotnih muÅ”karaca i tipizacijom gena u heterozigotnih žena. Enzimska nadomjesna terapija (ENT), oralna terapija Å”apronom i ciljano lijeÄenje poremeÄaja pojedinih organskih sustava može dovesti do bitnog kliniÄkog poboljÅ”anja. MeÄutim, u danaÅ”njoj medicinskoj literaturi možemo naÄi podatke o lijeÄenju (ENT-om, Å”apronom, simptomatska terapija) bolesnika s uznapredovalim AFB-om, Å”to znaÄi da je veÄ doÅ”lo do znaÄajnog oÅ”teÄenja organa. Uspjeh u lijeÄenju bolesnika s AFB-om ovisi o personaliziranom pristupu skrbi za bolesnika (odražava fenotip genetske bolesti), sveobuhvatnoj procjeni oÅ”teÄenja organa prije poÄetka lijeÄenja s ENT-om ili Å”apronom, odgovor na terapiju, kao i temeljitu prosudbu možebitnih oÅ”teÄenja organa asimptomskih bolesnika. Bolesnike treba istovremeno lijeÄiti zbog organ-specifiÄnih oÅ”teÄenja (živÄani sustav, srce, bubrezi, probava i dr.). BuduÄi da je AFB multisistemska bolest, skrb o pacijentima treba povjeriti iskusnom multidisciplinskom timu. Nakon poÄetne procjene bolesti, uÄestalost kontrolnih pregleda ovisi o kliniÄkoj slici i stupnju zahvaÄenosti pojedinih organskih sustava. PoÄetnu procjenu bolesti treba obaviti za oba spola. U žena s potvrÄenom dijagnozom potrebno je utvrditi stupanj zahvaÄenosti pojedinih organa. Kontrolni pregled žena koje nemaju simptome bolesti treba obaviti svake 2 godine (starenjem bolesnica poveÄava se uÄestalost kontrola), dok žene s izraženim simptomima treba, kao i muÅ”karce s AFB-om, kontrolirati svakih 6 mjeseci. UnatoÄ znaÄajnom napretku u lijeÄenju i skrbi za bolesnike s AFB-om potrebno je dodatno pojasniti patofiziologiju bolesti i odrediti idealni trenutak za poÄetak lijeÄenja bolesnika razliÄitih fenotipova. Treba uložiti dodatne napore u razvijanju uÄinkovitijih specifiÄnih lijekova.Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the galactosidase (GLA) gene. Markedly reduced or absent activity of the Ī±-galactosidase A (Ī±-Gal A) enzyme results in progressive accumulation of glycolipids, primarily globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in the circulation and a wide range of cells, tissues and organs, resulting in the development of a multisystem disorder. Affected patients are at a high risk of developing small-fiber neuropathy, mostly ischemic cerebrovascular stroke, chronic kidney disease, fibrotic cardiac disease resulting in rhythm and conduction disturbances, and progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Alhough the disease is X-linked, both males and females are affected. Diagnosing AFD requires high clinical suspicion, good physical examination, organ specific tests, and is confirmed by demonstrating low enzyme assays in homozygous males and gene typing in heterozygous females. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), oral chaperone therapy and adjunctive treatments can provide significant clinical benefit. However, much of the current literature report on outcomes after late initiation of ERT, once substantial organ damage has already occurred. In AFD patients, the success of management depends on personalized approach to care (reflecting the natural history of the specific disease phenotype), comprehensive evaluation of disease involvement prior to early ERT or chaperone initiation, and thorough routine monitoring for evidence of organ involvement in non-classic asymptomatic patients and response to therapy in treated patients. It is also very important to treat patients with adjuvant therapies for specific disease manifestations. Since AFD is a multisystem disease, the patients should be managed by an experienced multidisciplinary team. After initial evaluation, the frequency of follow-ups depends on clinical severity and involvement of different organs. The initial baseline assessment should be performed for both sexes. In women with confirmed diagnosis, organ involvement needs to be determined clinically. Asymptomatic women may be evaluated every 2 years by increasing the frequency to annual in adulthood, but symptomatic women should be monitored every 6 months, as recommended for men. Despite marked advances in patient care and improved overall outlook, there is the need for better understanding the pathogenesis of AFD and to determine appropriate age to initiate therapy in all types of patients. The need to develop more effective specific therapies was also emphasized
Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis
TrudnoÄa, dojenje, lijeÄenje neplodnosti, oralni kontraceptivi i za sada ograniÄene terapijske moguÄnosti u oboljelih trudnica utjeÄu na tijek multiple skleroze. Dokazano je da je za vrijeme trudnoÄe snižena, a u ranome postpartalnom razdoblju poviÅ”ena godiÅ”nja stopa relapsa. Nadalje, istraživanja su pokazala da je dojenje u bolesnica s multiplom sklerozom sigurno; trenutaÄno nema jasnog stajaliÅ”ta o sigurnosnom profilu oralnih kontraceptiva. S druge strane, smatra se da pri lijeÄenju neplodnosti treba izbjegavati agoniste hormona koji oslobaÄa gonadotropin (GnRH). Ne preporuÄuje se uzimanje veÄine lijekova koji modificiraju tijek bolesti multiple skleroze za vrijeme trudnoÄe i dojenja, osim glatiramer acetata, odnosno interferona za vrijeme dojenja. Stoga ih je potrebno, ovisno o brzini njihove eliminacije iz organizma, ukinuti tijekom odreÄenog razdoblja prije zaÄeÄa. Relapsi bolesti u trudnica i dojilja mogu se lijeÄiti pulsnim dozama kortikosteroida, s time da se u trudnica preporuÄuje njihovo izbjegavanje u prvom tromjeseÄju, dok se u dojilja preporuÄuje odgoditi dojenje za Äetiri sata nakon primljene terapije. U novije vrijeme istražuju se metode prevencije postpartalnih relapsa kao Å”to su primjena intravenskih imunoglobulina, kortikosteroida i hormonske terapije, meÄutim, za konaÄni zakljuÄak potrebno je provesti daljnja istraživanja.The course of multiple sclerosis is affected by pregnancy, breastfeeding, fertility treatment and oral contraceptives, as well as by the still limited therapeutic options for pregnant women with multiple sclerosis. It has been shown that the annualized relapse rate is reduced during pregnancy, but increased during the early postpartum period. Studies have also shown that breastfeeding in patients with multiple sclerosis is safe. Currently, there are no clear guidelines regarding usage of oral contraceptives. On the other hand, gonadotrophinreleasing hormone (GnRH) agonists should be avoided when treating infertility. Most disease-modifying drugs used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis are not recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding, excluding glatiramer acetate and interferon, which is safe to use during breastfeeding. Such drugs should be discontinued some time before pregnancy, depending on the rate of their elimination from the body. Relapses during pregnancy and breastfeeding can be treated with pulse steroid therapy; however, such therapy should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. In patients who are breastfeeding, it is recommended to postpone it for at least 4 hours after receiving treatment. Recently, methods for preventing postpartum relapses are being investigated, such as intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroid and hormone therapy; however, further research is needed in order to make any final conclusions
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