Effect of Homocysteine-Lowering Treatment With Folic Acid and B Vitamins on Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: Homocysteinemia may play an etiologic role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by promoting oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether homocysteine-lowering treatment by B vitamin supplementation prevents the risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study (WAFACS), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 5,442 female health professionals aged ≥40 years with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or three or more CVD risk factors, included 4,252 women free of diabetes at baseline. Participants were randomly assigned to either an active treatment group (daily intake of a combination pill of 2.5 mg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg vitamin B12) or to the placebo group. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 504 women had an incident diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Overall, there was no significant difference between the active treatment group and the placebo group in diabetes risk (relative risk 0.94 [95% CI 0.79–1.11]; P = 0.46), despite significant lowering of homocysteine levels. Also, there was no evidence for effect modifications by baseline intakes of dietary folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. In a sensitivity analysis, the null result remained for women compliant with their study pills (0.92 [0.76–1.10]; P = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Lowering homocysteine levels by daily supplementation with folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 did not reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among women at high risk for CVD

Contributions to Oriental herpetology I. Sakhalin

Volume: 13Start Page: 243End Page: 24

Concerning certain species of reptiles and amphibians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa

Volume: 3Start Page: 187End Page: 25

Preliminary diagnoses of four new snakes from Lower California, Mexico

Volume: 13Start Page: 1End Page:

A list of the amphibians and reptiles of Idaho, with notes on the species in the collection of the academy

Volume: 11Start Page: 39End Page: 4

List of the amphibians and reptiles of the peninsula of lower California, with notes on the species in the collection of the academy

Volume: 11Start Page: 49End Page: 7

Preliminary diagnosis of new species of reptiles from islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Volume: 11Start Page: 95End Page: 9