10,130 research outputs found
Supernovae Shedding Light on Gamma-Ray Bursts
We review the observational status of the Supernova (SN)/Gamma-Ray Burst
(GRB) connection. In section 2 we provide a short summary of the observational
properties of core-collapse SNe. In sections 3-6 we review the circumstantial
evidences and the direct observations that support the existence of a deep
connection between the death of massive stars and GRBs. Present data suggest
that SNe associated with GRBs form a heterogeneous class of objects including
both bright and faint Hypernovae and perhaps also `standard' Ib/c events. In
section 7, we provide an empirical estimate of the rate of Hypernovae, for a
``MilkyWay-like'' galaxy, of about yr that may
imply the ratio GRB/Hypernovae to be in the range . In the same
framework we find the ratio GRB/SNe-Ibc to be . In section
8 we discuss the possible existence of a lag between the SN explosion and the
associated gamma-ray event. In the few SN/GRB associations so far discovered
the SN explosions and GRB events appear to go off simultaneously. In section 9
we present the conclusions and highlight the open problems that Swift hopefully
will allow us to solve.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures, invited review at the 4th Workshop Gamma-Ray
Bursts in the Afterglow Era, Rome,18-22 October 2004. Editors: L. Piro, L.
Amati, S. Covino, and B. Gendre. Il Nuovo Cimento, in pres
Invisible defects in complex crystals
We show that invisible localized defects, i.e. defects that can not be
detected by an outside observer, can be realized in a crystal with an
engineered imaginary potential at the defect site. The invisible defects are
synthesized by means of supersymmetric (Darboux) transformations of an ordinary
crystal using band-edge wave functions to construct the superpotential. The
complex crystal has an entire real-valued energy spectrum and Bragg scattering
is not influenced by the defects. An example of complex crystal synthesis is
presented for the Mathieu potential
Non-Hermitian time-dependent perturbation theory: asymmetric transitions and transitionless interactions
The ordinary time-dependent perturbation theory of quantum mechanics, that
describes the interaction of a stationary system with a time-dependent
perturbation, predicts that the transition probabilities induced by the
perturbation are symmetric with respect to the initial an final states. Here we
extend time-dependent perturbation theory into the non-Hermitian realm and
consider the transitions in a stationary Hermitian system, described by a
self-adjoint Hamiltonian , induced by a time-dependent non-Hermitian
interaction . In the weak interaction (perturbative) limit, the
transition probabilities generally turn out to be {\it asymmetric} for exchange
of initial and final states. In particular, for a temporal shape of the
perturbation with one-sided Fourier spectrum, i.e. with only positive (or
negative) frequency components, transitions are fully unidirectional, a result
that holds even in the strong interaction regime. Interestingly, we show that
non-Hermitian perturbations can be tailored to be transitionless, i.e. the
perturbation leaves the system unchanged as if the interaction had not occurred
at all, regardless the form of and . As an application of
the results, we discuss asymmetric (chiral) behavior of dynamical encircling of
an exceptional point in a two- and three-level system.Comment: final version, to appear in Annals of Physic
Low-energy doublons in the ac-driven two-species Hubbard model
The hopping dynamics of two fermionic species with different effective masses
in the one-dimensional Hubbard model driven by an external field is
theoretically investigated. A multiple-time-scale asymptotic analysis of the
driven asymmetric Hubbard model shows that a high-frequency bichromatic
external field can sustain a new kind of low-energy particle bound state
(doublon), in which two fermions of different species occupy nearest neighbor
sites and co-tunnel along the lattice. The predictions of the asymptotic
analysis are confirmed by direct numerical simulations of the two-particle
Hubbard Hamiltonian.Comment: 4 figure
Transparency at the interface between two isospectral crystals
Reflection at an interface separating two different media is a rather
universal phenomenon which arises because of wave mismatching at the interface.
By means of supersymmetric quantum mechanics methods, it is shown that a fully
transparent interface can be realized, connecting two isospectral but different
one-dimensional crystals. An example of reflectionless interface is presented
for the sinusoidal (Mathieu) crystal connected to a non-sinusoidal potential by
a transparent domain wall.Comment: 4 figures, to appear in EP
Coherent perfect absorbers for transient, periodic or chaotic optical fields: time-reversed lasers beyond threshold
Recent works [Y.D. Chong {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 105}, 053901
(2010); W. Wan {\it et al.}, Science {\bf 331}, 889 (2011)] have shown that the
time-reversed process of lasing at threshold realizes a coherent perfect
absorber (CPA). In a CPA, a lossy medium in an optical cavity with a specific
degree of dissipation, equal in modulus to the gain of the lasing medium, can
perfectly absorb coherent optical waves at discrete frequencies that are the
time-reversed counterpart of the lasing modes. Here the concepts of
time-reversal of lasing and CPA are extended for optical radiation emitted by a
laser operated in an arbitrary (and generally highly-nonlinear) regime, i.e.
for transient, chaotic or periodic coherent optical fields. We prove that any
electromagnetic signal generated by a laser system \textbf{S} operated
in an arbitrary regime can be perfectly absorbed by a CPA device
which is simply realized by placing inside \textbf{S} a broadband linear
absorber (attenuator) of appropriate transmittance. As examples, we discuss CPA
devices that perfectly absorb a chaotic laser signal and a frequency-modulated
optical wave.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure; to appear in Phys. Rev.
Absence of Floquet scattering in oscillating non-Hermitian potential wells
Scattering of a quantum particle from an oscillating barrier or well does not
generally conserve the particle energy owing to energy exchange with the photon
field, and an incoming particle-free state is scattered into a set of outgoing
(transmitted and reflected) free states according to Floquet scattering theory.
Here we introduce two families of oscillating non-Hermitian potential wells in
which Floquet scattering is fully suppressed for any energy of the incident
particle. The scattering-free oscillating potentials are synthesized by
application of the Darboux transformation to the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger
equation. For one of the two families of scattering-free potentials, the
oscillating potential turns out to be fully invisible.Comment: 5 figure
Rebirth of Novae as Distance Indicators Due to Efficient Large Telescopes
Nova outbursts are the result of strong thermonuclear runaways on the surface
of a white dwarf accreting Hydrogen-rich material from a small mass companion.
These giant explosions cause the star to increase its brightness by hundreds of
thousands of times then making these objects powerful standard candles useful
to measure the extragalactic distances.We have used the Very Large Telescope,
located in the Chilean Atacama desert, to search for novae in NGC 1316--an
early type galaxy in the Fornax cluster. We discovered 4 novae with 3h of
observing time. The use of 8-10m class telescopes coupled with new detectors,
can dramatically improve the efficiency of nova searches in extragalactic
systems.Comment: 4 pages + 2 plot
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