Transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing Arabidopsis NPR1 show enhanced resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

In Arabidopsis, non-expressor of pathogenesis related genes-1, NPR1 has been shown to be a positive regulator of the salicylic acid controlled systemic acquired resistance pathway and modulates the cross talk between SA and JA signaling. Transgenic plants expressing AtNPR1 constitutively exhibited resistance against pathogens as well as herbivory. In the present study, tobacco transgenic plants expressing AtNPR1 were studied further for their response to infection by the sedentary endoparasitic root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance against the root-knot nematode infection. Prominent differences in the shoot and root weights of wild type and transgenic plants were observed post-inoculation with M. incognita. This was associated with a decrease in the number of root galls and egg masses in transgenic plants compared to WT. The transgenic plants also showed constitutive and induced expression of some PR protein genes, when challenged with M. incognita

A Gene Catalogue of the Euchromatic Male-Specific Region of the Horse Y Chromosome: Comparison with Human and Other Mammals

Studies of the Y chromosome in primates, rodents and carnivores provide compelling evidence that the male specific region of Y (MSY) contains functional genes, many of which have specialized roles in spermatogenesis and male-fertility. Little similarity, however, has been found between the gene content and sequence of MSY in different species. This hinders the discovery of species-specific male fertility genes and limits our understanding about MSY evolution in mammals. Here, a detailed MSY gene catalogue was developed for the horse – an odd-toed ungulate. Using direct cDNA selection from horse testis, and sequence analysis of Y-specific BAC clones, 37 horse MSY genes/transcripts were identified. The genes were mapped to the MSY BAC contig map, characterized for copy number, analyzed for transcriptional profiles by RT-PCR, examined for the presence of ORFs, and compared to other mammalian orthologs. We demonstrate that the horse MSY harbors 20 X-degenerate genes with known orthologs in other eutherian species. The remaining 17 genes are acquired or novel and have so far been identified only in the horse or donkey Y chromosomes. Notably, 3 transcripts were found in the heterochromatic part of the Y. We show that despite substantial differences between the sequence, gene content and organization of horse and other mammalian Y chromosomes, the functions of MSY genes are predominantly related to testis and spermatogenesis. Altogether, 10 multicopy genes with testis-specific expression were identified in the horse MSY, and considered likely candidate genes for stallion fertility. The findings establish an important foundation for the study of Y-linked genetic factors governing fertility in stallions, and improve our knowledge about the evolutionary processes that have shaped Y chromosomes in different mammalian lineages

Role of oxygen in polymerization reactions

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Maximum Degradation Rates in Vinyl Polymers

The thermal and thermwxidative degradation of thermoplastic vinyl polymers has been studied extensively. However, there are several features which are either controversial or not understood clearly. From dynamic thermogravimetric (TG) studies in our laboratory we have observed that in thennooxidative degradation, although it starta at lower temperatures compared to thermal degradation, the rate of main degradation (between 20 and 80%) is always higher in the latter case. Such an observation borne out by a few literature TG curves, but no explanation whatsoever is available for this anomaly. In this letter we attempt to carry out a systematic TG study on few vinyl polymers in $N_2$ and $O_2$ to explain this behavior. It may be pointed out that here we deal with an empirical comparison of the overall average degradation data (based on dynamic TG), which do not represent a comparison of the actual degradation rates based on the main chain links of the polymers

Effect of Oxygen on the Polymerization of Acrylamide

Oxygen commonly plays a vital role during the degradation and polymerization of vinyl compounds. While many studies have been done in the former case, there are only a few reports on its role in the latter case. Under suitable conditions, oxygen interacts with polymers to form hydroperoxides and poyperoxides

13Cand1H^{13}C and ^1H NMR study of N-5'-methylsalicylideneanilines

The $^{13}C and ^1H$ NMR spectra of six N-5'-methylsalicylideneanilines have been studied. Correlations of the chem. shifts of C-\alpha (azomethine carbon) and C-4' with the \sigma, F, R, \sigma 1 and \sigmaR0 parameters have been examd. for N-5'-methylsalicylideneanilines, and also for N-benzylideneanilines and N-salicylideneanilines. The results suggest that the first compds. have a nearly planar conformation whereas the second and third type of derivs. have a twisted conformation

Design and characterization of diclofenac diethylamine transdermal patch using silicone and acrylic adhesives combination

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background and purpose of the study</p> <p>The objective of the study was to develop and characterize Diclofenac Diethylamine (DDEA) transdermal patch using Silicone and acrylic adhesives combination.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Modified solvent evaporation method was employed for casting of film over Fluoropolymer coated polyester release liner. Initial studies included solubilization of drug in the polymers using solubilizers. The formulations with combination of adhesives were attempted to combine the desirable features of both the adhesives. The effect of the permeation enhancers on the drug permeation were studied using pig ear skin. All the optimized patches were subjected to adhesion, dissolution and stability studies. A 7-day skin irritancy test on albino rabbits and an in vivo anti-inflammatory study on wistar rats by carrageenan induced paw edema method were also performed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results indicated the high percent drug permeation (% CDP-23.582) and low solubility nature (1%) of Silicone adhesive and high solubility (20%) and low% CDP (10.72%) of acrylic adhesive. The combination of adhesives showed desirable characteristics for DDEA permeation with adequate % CDP and sufficient solubility. Release profiles were found to be dependent on proportion of polymer and type of permeation enhancer. The anti-inflammatory study revealed the sustaining effect and high percentage inhibition of edema of C4/OLA (99.68%). The acute skin irritancy studies advocated the non-irritant nature of the adhesives used.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It was concluded that an ideal of combination of adhesives would serve as the best choice, for fabrication of DDEA patches, for sustained effect of DDEA with better enhancement in permeation characteristics and robustness.</p