15 research outputs found
Small Island Developing Statesβ (SIDS) Problems in the Focus of Sustainable Developing Goals (SDGs)
The article seeks to identify the main constraints of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) within sustainable development context, which are, on the one hand, characterized by extraordinary biological diversity, cultural and heritage sites, but, on the other hand, such States are at disadvantage due to their geographical remoteness from the mainland and heavily dependence from climatic conditions. The article states that due to the lack of approved criteria for SIDS there is only an unofficial list made up by UNCTAD and the list of the United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS). The major problems which impede Small Island Developing Statesβ development are climate change, sea-level rise, dependency on imported fossil fuel, problem of food security, complicated access to improved drinking water due to contamination and overloading of groundwater and coastal waters, salt water intrusion, drought and soil erosion, emergence of problems connected with sustainable waste management due to Small Island Developing Statesβ isolated position, transmissible and non-transmissible diseases and poverty. In conclusion the author postulates the necessity of developing and approving the criteria for allocation or identification of SIDS to precisely identify the beneficiary States of international support. Β© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG
"ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ" Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
The βcategoriesβ of developed and developing countries are distinguished in contemporary international law, especially in international economic law. This article reviews key international legal aspects related to the subjects of the βlaw of international economic assistanceβ, in particular the recipient countries of regular economic assistance.Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ². Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Β«ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΒ», Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°
Today, the right to health or, according to the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, βthe right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental healthβ is enshrined as an important human right in many universal and regional international legal acts and is one of the fundamental human rights. The human right to health is multidimensional, it includes several key elements (availability, quality, accessibility and acceptability) and is closely interlinked with other fundamental human rights, such as the right to life; the right to food and the right to drinking water; the right to housing; the right to a normal sanitary and hygienic conditions, etc., as the authors of the research highlight in this paper. This relationship is confirmed by a wide judicial practice. Despite the universal recognition of the right to health, it is often necessary to talk about its violation by states, which becomes the subject of legal proceedings, state the authors. This article is aimed to address the protection of the right to health in the framework of the Inter-American system for the protection of human rights, namely the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (hereinafter the Inter-American Court, the Court).ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ
1966 Π³., Β«ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΒ» Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ; ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ; ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅; ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ². Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° (Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄, Π‘ΡΠ΄)