179 research outputs found

    Accurate Determination of Conformational Transitions in Oligomeric Membrane Proteins

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    The structural dynamics governing collective motions in oligomeric membrane proteins play key roles in vital biomolecular processes at cellular membranes. In this study, we present a structural refinement approach that combines solid-state NMR experiments and molecular simulations to accurately describe concerted conformational transitions identifying the overall structural, dynamical, and topological states of oligomeric membrane proteins. The accuracy of the structural ensembles generated with this method is shown to reach the statistical error limit, and is further demonstrated by correctly reproducing orthogonal NMR data. We demonstrate the accuracy of this approach by characterising the pentameric state of phospholamban, a key player in the regulation of calcium uptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and by probing its dynamical activation upon phosphorylation. Our results underline the importance of using an ensemble approach to characterise the conformational transitions that are often responsible for the biological function of oligomeric membrane protein states

    Π‘Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ энСргСтичСской эффСктивности дСфибрилляционных ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρ‹ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции

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    The aim of this study is to compare, on the basis of the guaranteed defibrillation hypothesis, the energy efficiency of a trapezoidal defibrillation pulse with fixed rise and fall times with the main types of defibrillation pulses: truncated exponential with the tilt of 50%, rectangular and half-sine. The study was carried out using the ten Tusscher–Panfilov 2006 human ventricular myocyte model subjected to simulated fibrillation in the BeatBox simulation environment. Depolarizing excitation stimuli with a high frequency were used to simulate fibrillation. The results of computer simulation based on the hypothesis of the guaranteed defibrillation showed that defibrillation pulses are energetically efficient (have low values of threshold energy of defibrillation) in a rather narrow range of phase duration values, beyond which a rapid increase in the threshold energy is observed. In terms of energy efficiency, the trapezoidal pulse with the sloping rise and fall is very close to the half-sine one, and at the same time it has a wider range of energetically effective durations.Significantly higher minimum threshold energy of guaranteed defibrillation is a characteristic of rectangular and truncated exponential pulses, while the truncated exponential pulse has a more uniform characteristic in the area of energetically effective durations. From the results obtained, it can be assumed that the maximum duration of the phases of the defibrillation pulse should be limited to the value of no more than 9ms. In this case, the nominal delivered energy at the load impedance of 175Ω should be at least 140J. The possibility of increasing the pulse duration without a significant drop in its energy efficiency will ensure the delivery of more energy in patients with high transthoracic impedance and, accordingly, a greater probability of successful defibrillation. The above will also increase the probability of successful defibrillation in patients with defibrillation electrodes placement errors.Β Gorbunov B. B., Vostrikov V. A., Nesterenko I. V., Telyshev D. V. Comparison of the energy efficiency of defibrillation pulses based on the hypothesis of guaranteed defibrillation. Ural Radio Engineering Journal. 2021;5(4):353–368. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15826/urej.2021.5.4.002.ЦСлью Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исслСдования являСтся сравнСниС Π½Π° основС Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρ‹ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции энСргСтичСской эффСктивности биполярного Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ° с фиксированной Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Ρ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ срСза с основными Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ дСфибрилляционных ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΎΠ²: классичСской Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (truncated exponential) со спадом Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ 50%, ΠΏΡ€ΡΠΌΠΎΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ модСлирования Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρ‹ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ дСфибрилляционныС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‹ энСргСтичСски эффСктивны (ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ значСния ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ энСргии дСфибрилляции) Π² достаточно ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Π·, Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ быстрый рост ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ энСргии. По энСргСтичСской эффСктивности Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ срСзом ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ энСргСтичСски эффСктивных Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ. БущСствСнно Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡŽ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΡΠΌΠΎΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈ классичСский Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ со спадом Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ 0,5 ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‹, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом классичСский Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΡƒΡŽ характСристику Π² области энСргСтичСски эффСктивных Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ. Из ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π°Π· дСфибрилляционного ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ° слСдуСт ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 9 мс. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом номинальная выдСлСнная энСргия Π½Π° сопротивлСнии Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ 175 Ом Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 140 Π”ΠΆ. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ увСличСния Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π· Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ падСния Π΅Π³ΠΎ энСргСтичСской эффСктивности ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ большСй энСргии Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с высоким сопротивлСниСм Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ, соотвСтствСнно, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΡŽ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ провСдСния ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции. Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ провСдСния ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ… налоТСния дСфибрилляционных элСктродов ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ использовании сухих ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… дСфибрилляционных элСктродов.Β Π“ΠΎΡ€Π±ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π‘.Π‘., Востриков Π’.А., НСстСрСнко И.Π’., Π’Π΅Π»Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π² Π”.Π’. Π‘Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ энСргСтичСской эффСктивности дСфибрилляционных ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Ρ‹ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции. Ural Radio Engineering Journal. 2021;5(4):353–368. DOI: 10.15826/urej.2021.5.4.002.

    Π­Ρ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ элСктричСской дСфибрилляции ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ² сСрдца: экспСримСнт ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°

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    The paper provides the results of the 1990β€”2010 experimental and clinical studies on the optimization of the efficiency of electrical ventricular defibrillation using the Russian bipolar quasi-sinusoidal impulse. The comprehensive study of the influence of major cardiac and extracardiac factors, such as heart failure, the type and duration of fibrillation, its amplitude and frequency characteristics, chest resistance, electrode sizes, administration of antiarrhythmic drugs, and phase 2 impulse amplitude on the efficiency and safety of defibrillation, could formulate a number of new propositions and solve some methodological and methodic issues. The dose-dependent effectiveness of the quasi-sinusoidal impulse has been first investigated in patients with induced, spontaneous primary and secondary fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Low-energy (Key words: defibrillation, bipolar quasi-sinusoidal impulse.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ клиничСских исслСдований (1990β€”2010 Π³.), посвящСнных ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ эффСктивности элСктричСской дСфибрилляции ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ² сСрдца отСчСствСнным ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΎΠΌ биполярной ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹. КомплСксноС ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ влияния основных ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² (Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: сСрдСчная Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ фибрилляции, Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-частотныС характСристики, сопротивлСниС Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ элСктродов, Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ антиаритмичСских ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄Π° 2-ΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ°) Π½Π° ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ дСфибрилляции ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ряд Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ мСтодологичСскиС ΠΈ мСтодичСскиС вопросы. Π’ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдована дозозависимая ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ° Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, спонтанной ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ фибрилляциСй, ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π°Ρ…ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. УстановлСна высокая ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ разрядов нСбольшой энСрги

    ЭлСктричСская дСфибрилляция ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ остановкС сСрдца Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ этапС

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    The past decade is marked by very high cardiovascular mortality rates in Russia. Sudden death caused by ventricular fibrillation and asystole is one of the leading reasons for the high mortality. Sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurs in as high as 70β€”80% of the cases. The key factor that determines the success of resuscitation and survival in patients with cardiac arrest due to fibrillation is early defibrillation (within the first 5 minutes). Small-sized automated external defibrilla-tors that can be used not only by medical workers, but also paramedics and educated population should be introduced into prehospital resuscitative care to solve this problem in this country.ПослСднСС дСсятилСтиС Π² России отмСчаСтся ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ высокая Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ сСрдСчно-сосудистых Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Одной ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ высокой Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ являСтся внСзапная сСрдСчная ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΡŒ вслСдствиС развития фибрилляции ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ асистолии. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Π΄ΠΎ 70β€”80% случаСв Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ остановки сСрдца происходит Π²Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹. ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ успСх Ρ€Π΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ выТиваСмости Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с остановкой сСрдца вслСдствиС фибрилляции, являСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ (Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚) дСфибрилляции. Для ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ Π² нашСй странС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄Ρ€ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ автоматичСскиС Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ дСфибрилляторы, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ мСдицинскиС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ насСлСниС

    ΠžΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ история дСфибрилляции сСрдца

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    The year 2012 is the anniversary year of the Russian history of cardiac defibrillation. Two anniversaries associated with the name of N. L. Gurvich, the founder of impulse defibrillation by high-voltage capacitor discharge, are being celebrated this year.2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ β€” ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ для отСчСствСнной истории развития дСфибрилляции сСрдца. Π’ этом Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° юбилСя, связанныС с ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Н. Π›. Π“ΡƒΡ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π° β€” основополоТника ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ дСфибрилляции Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ разрядом кондСнсатора

    Application of microwave photonics in fiber optical sensors

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    Microwave photonics is a new scientific and technical area of research, which was formed as a result of intensive development of such fields as fiber, integrated and nonlinear optics, laser physics, optoelectronics and microelectronics. A positive trend in the field of microwave photonic devices development has appeared in recent decades. The trend is related to the fact that these devices can operate in ultra-high and super-high frequencies and microwave ranges, and have parameters, which are unattainable by conventional electronic devices. Technical characteristics of microwave photonic measuring systems are comparable with those of traditional fiber-optic sensors. This technology can be used both for creation of new measuring devices and improvement of existing other types of measuring systems. This paper presents an analytical review of microwave photonics application technologies in fiber-optic measuring instruments. The general design concept for microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices is considered in the first part of the review paper. Microwave photonic filters are presented, which are the key elements of microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices. Their design technologies are described with indication of the features, advantages and disadvantages. Methods for creation of microwave photonic finite impulse response filters with positive and negative coefficients are considered. The following sections are devoted directly to the analysis of microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices and contain classification of such devices according to their principle of operation. The classification of spectral and interferometric microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices with indication of their distinctive features is proposed. Experimental data of the most common sensors is presented and analyzed; the main characteristics and areas of their practical application are presented for each of them. New approaches and methods are considered for creation of microwave photonic measuring systems and improvement of tactical and technical characteristics of existing devices. Comparison between microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices and traditional fiber-optic measuring systems is performed. According to comparison results, conclusions can be drawn about applicability of microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices and advantages of their use compared to other fiber-optic sensors.Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° являСтся Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-тСхничСским Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½-сивного развития Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… областСй, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ волоконная, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ нСлинСйная ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°, лазСрная Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΎ- ΠΈ микроэлСктроника. Π’ послСдниС дСсятилСтия Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ созданию Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… устройств, эта тСндСнция связана с Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ устройства ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ свСрхвысоких частот с ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, нСдостиТимыми ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ элСктронными устройствами. Π₯арактСристики Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈ-Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм сопоставимы с характСристиками Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСских Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², данная Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎ-логия ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ использована ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ для создания Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ для ΡƒΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ². Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ прСдставлСн аналитичСский ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ способов примСнСния Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…. Π’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ части ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ рассмотрСн ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ построСния Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ элСмСнты ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° систСм β€” Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€Ρ‹. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…-Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ… построСния с ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ особСнностСй, прСимущСств ΠΈ нСдостатков. РассмотрСны способы создания Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² с ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ характСристикой с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ коэф-Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ посвящСны нСпосрСдствСнно Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅-ских ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ содСрТат ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… устройств ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° классификация ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ интСрфСромСтричСских Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² с ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, основныС характСристики ΠΈ области практичСского примСнСния Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ распространСнных Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈ-ΠΊΠΎΠ². РассмотрСны Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ созданию Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм ΠΈ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-тСхничСских характСристик ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ сопоставлСниС характСристик Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ- Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСских Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ примСнимости соврСмСнного Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎ прСимущСствах ΠΈΡ… использования ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-оптичСскими Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ

    Comprehensive Thermodynamic Study of Alkyl-Cyclohexanes as Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers Motifs

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    Alkyl-cyclohexanes can be considered as suitable model compounds to understand the thermochemistry of aromatic compounds and their hydrogenated counterparts discussed as Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier systems. Thermochemical measurements on these hydrogen-rich compounds are thwarted by complications due to the 99.9 % purity limitation and sample size specific to these methods. However, the data on vaporisation and formation enthalpies are necessary to optimize the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes. In this work, various empirical and theoretical methods are described to reliably assess the gas phase enthalpies of formation and vaporization enthalpies of alkyl-substituted cyclohexanes. The empirical and quantum-chemical methods have been validated against reliable literature data and provide reasonable estimates with an accuracy comparable to that of the experimental data. The liquid phase enthalpies of formation of differently shaped alkyl-cyclohexanes were derived and used to estimate the energetics of their dehydrogenation reactions. The influence of alkyl substituents on the reaction enthalpy is discussed. The vapour pressures of typical hydrogen-rich compounds at technically relevant temperatures were calculated and compared to vapour pressures of biodiesel fuels measured in this work using the static method

    Polymorphism rs3088232 in the BRDT gene is associated with idiopathic male infertility in the West Siberian Region of Russia

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    Allelic variants of genes involved in spermatogenesis can contribute to the genetic predisposition to idiopathic male infertility. In the present study we investigated the association of polymorphism rs3088232 in the BRDT gene with the risk of this pathology on the sample of 105 infertile patients and 230 healthy controls. We revealed the association of allele G (ORΒ =Β 1.80; CIΒ 1.16β€”2.80; pΒ =Β 0.008) and genotype GG (ORΒ =Β 6.47; CIΒ 1.23β€”34.15; pΒ =Β 0.01) with idiopathic male infertility
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