Comparison between optical and electrical data on hole concentration in zinc-doped p-GaAs

The optical and electrical properties of zinc-doped Cz p-GaAs have been studied. Reflection spectra of ten p-GaAs specimens have been taken in the mid-IR region. Van der Pau galvanomagnetic, electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient measurements have been carried out for the same specimens (all the measurements were carried out at room temperature). The reflection spectra have been processed using the Kramers–Kronig relations, spectral dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permeability have been calculated and loss function curves have been plotted. The loss function maximum position has been used to calculate the characteristic wavenumber corresponding to the high-frequency plasmon-phonon mode frequency. Theoretical calculations have been conducted and a calibration curve has been built up for determining heavy hole concentration in p-GaAs at T = 295 K based on known characteristic wavenumber. Further matching of the optical and Hall data has been used for determining the light to heavy hole mobility ratio. This ratio proves to be in the 1.9–2.8 range which is far lower as compared with theoretical predictions in the assumption of the same scattering mechanism for light and heavy holes (at optical phonons). It has been hypothesized that the scattering mechanisms for light and heavy holes differ

Сравнение результатов оптических и электрофизических измерений концентрации свободных электронов в образцах n-GaAs, легированных теллуром

A theoretical model has been developed that allows one to determine free electron density in n-GaAs from the characteristic points on far-infrared reflection spectra. It was shown that, in this case, it is necessary to take into account the plasmon-phonon coupling (otherwise, the electron density is overestimated). The calculated dependence of electron density, Nopt, on the characteristic wave number, ν+, which is described by a second degree polynomial, has been obtained.Twenty-five tellurium-doped gallium arsenide samples were used to measure the electron density in two ways: according to traditional four-contact Hall method (Van der Pauw method) and using the optical method we developed (measurements were carried out at room temperature). Based on the experimental results, the dependence was constructed of the electron density values obtained from the Hall data, NHall, on the electron density obtained by the optical method, Nopt. It is shown that this dependence is described by linear function. It is established that the data of optical and electrophysical measurements coincide if the electron density is Neq = 1.07 ⋅ 1018 cm-3, for lower values of the Hall density NHall < Nopt, and for large values NHall > Nopt. A qualitative model is proposed to explain the results. It has been suggested that tellurium atoms bind to vacancies of arsenic into complexes, as a result of which the electron density decreases. On the surface of the crystal, the concentration of arsenic vacancies is lower and, therefore, the condition Nopt > NHall should be satisfied. As the doping level increases, more and more tellurium atoms remain electrically active, so electron density in the volume begins to prevail over the surface one. However, with a further increase in the doping level, the ratio NHall/Nopt again decreases, tending to unity. This, probably, is due to the fact that the rate of decomposition of the complexes “tellurium atom + arsenic vacancy” decreases with increasing doping level.Разработана теоретическая модель, позволяющая определять концентрацию свободных электронов в n-GaAs по характеристическим точкам на спектрах отражения в дальней инфракрасной области. Показано что при этом необходимо учитывать плазмон-фононное взаимодействие (в противном случае значение концентрации электронов оказывается завышенным). Получена расчетная зависимость концентрации электронов Nопт от характеристического волнового числа ν+, которая описывается полиномом второй степени.На двадцати пяти образцах арсенида галлия, легированных теллуром, проведены измерения концентрации электронов двумя способами: по традиционной четырехконтактной методике (метод Ван дер Пау) и с помощью разработанного авторами оптического метода (измерения проводились при комнатной температуре). По результатам экспериментов построена зависимость значений концентрации электронов, полученных из холловских данных, Nхолл от значений концентрации электронов, полученных оптическим методом, Nопт. Показано, что эта зависимость описывается линейной функцией. Установлено, что данные оптических и электрофизических измерений совпадают, если концентрация электронов равна Nравн = 1,07 ⋅ 1018 см-3. При меньших значениях холловской концентрации Nхолл < Nопт, а при больших — Nхолл > Nопт. Предложена качественная модель, объясняющая полученные результаты. Высказано предположение, что атомы теллура связываются с вакансиями мышьяка в комплексы, вследствие чего концентрация электронов уменьшается. На поверхности кристалла концентрация вакансий мышьяка меньше и, следовательно, должно выполняться условие Nопт > Nхолл. По мере увеличения уровня легирования все больше атомов теллура остается электрически активными, поэтому концентрация электронов в объеме начинает превалировать над поверхностной концентрацией. Однако при дальнейшем увеличении уровня легирования отношение Nхолл/Nопт опять убывает, стремясь к единице. Это, по-видимому, связано с тем, что интенсивность распада комплексов «атом теллура + вакансия мышьяка» при увеличении уровня легирования уменьшается

Comparison between optical and electrical data on hole concentration in zinc-doped p-GaAs

The optical and electrical properties of zinc-doped Cz p-GaAs have been studied. Reflection spectra of ten p-GaAs specimens have been taken in the mid-IR region. Van der Pau galvanomagnetic, electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient measurements have been carried out for the same specimens (all the measurements were carried out at room temperature). The reflection spectra have been processed using the Kramers–Kronig relations, spectral dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permeability have been calculated and loss function curves have been plotted. The loss function maximum position has been used to calculate the characteristic wavenumber corresponding to the high-frequency plasmon-phonon mode frequency. Theoretical calculations have been conducted and a calibration curve has been built up for determining heavy hole concentration in p-GaAs at T = 295 K based on known characteristic wavenumber. Further matching of the optical and Hall data has been used for determining the light to heavy hole mobility ratio. This ratio proves to be in the 1.9–2.8 range which is far lower as compared with theoretical predictions in the assumption of the same scattering mechanism for light and heavy holes (at optical phonons). It has been hypothesized that the scattering mechanisms for light and heavy holes differ