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    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ влияния биологичСски Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСщСств Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ восстановлСния уровня рН Π² ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Π΅ послС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ 1Н МРБ

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    Purpose of the study: To determine the possibility of a non-invasive evaluation of the biologically active substances (BAS) effect on the rate of a pH level restoration in a muscle after a maximum load using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).Materials and methods. Creatine monohydrate and beta-alanine were taken as tested biologically active substances, used according to the manufacturer's recommendations. At the first stage, calibration curves of a pH dependence on the magnitude of chemical shifts were plotted during assigning 1H spectra of model carnosine dipeptide solutions for non-invasive determination of intramuscular pH. Further experiments were carried out on laboratory animals (mice) using a 9 T NMR spectrometer Bruker Advance III WB 400MHz WB (Bruker, Germany). In experiments on volunteers the functional test pwc170 was used for assessing the ergogenic effects of biologically active substances on rectus quadriceps femoris. The test allows to achieve the level of myocytes cytoplasm acidification with lactate, and the effectiveness of functional biologically active substances on endurance, and also the function of aerobic systems by the muscle pH rate of recovery. Detection was performed using a high-field magnetic resonance imaging scanner (Philips Healthcare, Achieva 3.0T, North Braband, The Netherlands) and two SENSE Flex-L surface ring radiofrequency coils.Results. The effect of oral intake of creatine and beta-alanine on the restoration of rectus quadriceps femoris muscle pH after an acidification of the myocytes cytoplasm with lactate was evaluated using the 1H MRS method. Reproducible results with optimal signal-to-noise ratios and width of carnosine spectral peaks were achieved in volunteers using individual protocols and 1H MRS at 3T in the quadriceps femoris. Animal experiments have highlighted the need to develop and use more accurate techniques for voxel extraction and fat suppression during in vivo 1H spectroscopy to reliably capture the chemical shifts of carnosine peaks.Conclusion. The data obtained using 1H MRS on volunteers allow us to conclude that the developed method makes it possible to non-invasively assess the effect of biologically active substances on the rate of restoration of pH level in a muscle after a critical load in real time in vivo.ЦСль исслСдования: с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎ-рСзонансной спСктроскопии (1Н МРБ) ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ влияния ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π°Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ восстановлСния уровня рН Π² ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Π΅ послС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Π’ качСствС тСстируСмых биологичСски Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСщСств (БАВ) Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ взяты ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π°Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½, примСняСмыС согласно рСкомСндациям производитСля. На ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΌ этапС Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ построСны ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ зависимости рН ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ химичСского сдвига ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ снятии 1Н спСктров ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… растворов Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° для Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ опрСдСлСния Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ рН. Π”Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ экспСримСнты Π½Π° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ BALB/c) с использованиСм 9 Π’Π» ЯМР спСктромСтра Bruker Advance III WB 400 ΠœΠ“Ρ† WB (Bruker, Germany). Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ шагом стали экспСримСнты Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ эффСктов БАВ Π½Π° прямой Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π°. Использовался Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ тСст pwc170 Π² Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π΅ стСп-тСста, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒ закислСния Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдуСмых БАВ Π½Π° запас выносливости ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ аэробных систСм ΠΏΠΎ скорости восстановлСния уровня рН исслСдуСмой ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Ρ‹. Π”Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠ΅Π΅ сканированиС ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎ-рСзонансного Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π° (Philips Healthcare, Achieva 3.0 TΠ», North Braband, the Nederlands) ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… повСрхностных ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… радиочастотных ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡƒΡˆΠ΅ΠΊ SENSE Flex-L.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ 1Н МРБ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ влияниС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π°Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° восстановлСниС рН прямой Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Ρ‹ Π±Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π° послС закислСния Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ. ЭкспСримСнты с участиСм ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ использования Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ выдСлСния воксСля ΠΈ подавлСния сигнала ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ доклиничСской in vivo 1H спСктроскопии для Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ фиксации химичСских сдвигов ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… для Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π΅Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒ воспроизводимости Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ сигнал/ΡˆΡƒΠΌ ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ 1H МРБ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 3 TΠ» Π² прямой Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π°.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ 1Н МРБ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ разработанная ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ влияния БАВ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ восстановлСния уровня рН Π² ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡ†Π΅ послС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ in vivo

    Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa

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    Vavilovia formosa is a relict leguminous plant growing in hard-to-reach habitats in the rocky highlands of the Caucasus and Middle East, and it is considered as the putative closest living relative of the last common ancestor (LCA) of the Fabeae tribe. Symbionts of Vavilovia belonging to Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae compose a discrete group that differs from the other strains, especially in the nucleotide sequences of the symbiotically specialised (sym) genes. Comparison of the genomes of Vavilovia strains with the reference group composed of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strains isolated from Pisum and Vicia demonstrated that the vavilovia strains have a set of genomic features, probably indicating the important stages of microevolution of the symbiotic system. Specifically, symbionts of Vavilovia (considered as an ancestral group) demonstrated a scattered arrangement of sym genes (>90 kb cluster on pSym), with the location of nodT gene outside of the other nod operons, the presence of nodX and fixW, and the absence of chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. In contrast, the reference (derived) group harboured sym genes as a compact cluster (<60 kb) on a single pSym, lacking nodX and fixW, with nodT between nodN and nodO, and possessing chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. The TOM strain, obtained from nodules of the primitive “Afghan” peas, occupied an intermediate position because it has the chromosomal fixNOPQ copy, while the other features, the most important of which is presence of nodX and fixW, were similar to the Vavilovia strains. We suggest that genome evolution from the ancestral to the derived R. leguminosarum bv. viciae groups follows the “gain-and-loss of sym genes” and the “compaction of sym cluster” strategies, which are common for the macro-evolutionary and micro-evolutionary processes. The revealed genomic features are in concordance with a relict status of the vavilovia strains, indicating that V. formosa coexists with ancestral microsymbionts, which are presumably close to the LCA of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae
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