134 research outputs found

    Non-invasive detection of intracranial pressure in clinical practice (review of literature)

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    The aim of the research was to summarize the results of the researches of preoperative diagnostics of intracranial hypertension using data of modern publications and also to determine possible algorithm of diagnostic measures before planning neurosurgical approach at the treatment of intracranial injuries. We analyzed Russian and foreign literary sources for 30 years using key words and search system PubMed. The analysis shows that the search of methods of non-invasive control of intracranial pressure is still actual because of the risk of severe complications of using invasive methods. The most accurate and clinically valuable method of evaluation and prediction of intracranial hypertension in patients with severe craniocerebral injury amongst all considered non-invasive methods (evaluation of tympanic membrane displacement, cochlear microphonia, evaluation of blood pressure in retinal veins, transcranial Doppler imaging, evaluation of optic nerve diameter etc.) is an evaluation of optic nerve diameter using data of ultrasonography, CT imaging and magnetic resonance tomography. Given the fact of operator-dependence of ultrasonography and known limitation for using magnetic resonance tomography in patients with severe craniocerebral injury, CT-data of the optic nerve diameter more than 5,8 mm available from plain preoperative examination can be considered as a reliable prognostic index of development of intracranial hypertension while planning p operative approach

    THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF IRKUTSK FROM EXTERNAL REASONS AND SOME DISEASES RELATED ETHYL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

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    To our mind, the population alcoholization is the one of the major medical-social problems in Irkutsk region. According to official statistics it is established that in recent years the average index of incidence with diagnosis of an alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis established for the first time as a whole was higher in Irkutsk region, than in the Russian Federation and Siberian Federal district -1,7 and 1,5 times respectively. Sociological polls of the population of Irkutsk showed that 10 % of adult population and less than 20 % of youth do not take alcoholic drinks only. Abuse of alcohol makes a particular contribution to increase in number of lethal cases from diseases of system of blood circulation and the external reasons (mechanical trauma, suicides). It is not possible to estimate these indexes according to statistical data. The purpose of the real research was studying of a share of deadly outcomes among the population of Irkutsk, associated with ethyl alcohol. The profound personified analysis of mortality of the population of Irkutsk from the external reasons and some diseases (according to the international classification of diseases of the 10th revision) was carried out according to archive of Irkutsk regional bureau of a forensic medical expertise during 2000-2012, in cases when ethyl alcohol was found in cadaver blood. It was established, that the share of acute poisonings with ethyl alcohol makes about 4 % in structure of common mortality of the population of Irkutsk. The share of persons of young age of the dead as a result of an acute alcoholic poisoning makes nearly 20 % in recentyears. The high level of suicide activity of the population of the city interfaced to alcohol intake was revealed. More than 50 % were in an alcohol intoxication of various degree, among the persons prematurely left life. The share of the lethal mechanical traumas, associated with alcohol intoxication, made about a half from all cases of a mechanical trauma. During the 13-year period the decrease of the share of death resulted from cardiovascular diseases, associated with ethyl alcohol, was observed (with 30 to 16 %). Thus among the persons of young age having diseases of cardiovascular system, more than 50 % were at the time of death approach in an alcohol intoxication. The conducted research shows that the actual"hidden" losses of the population interfaced to alcohol intake, are much higher. The alcoholization of the population influences not only formation of losses from acute alcoholic poisonings, but also from the external reasons and diseases against which there was an abuse of ethyl alcohol

    Direct observation of Levy flight of holes in bulk n-InP

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    We study the photoluminescence spectra excited at an edge side of n-InP slabs and observed from the broadside. In a moderately doped sample the intensity drops off as a power-law function of the distance from the excitation - up to several millimeters - with no change in the spectral shape.The hole distribution is described by a stationary Levy-flight process over more than two orders of magnitude in both the distance and hole concentration. For heavily-doped samples, the power law is truncated by free-carrier absorption. Our experiments are near-perfectly described by the Biberman-Holstein transport equation with parameters found from independent optical experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

    Analysis of views on the system of doctor-patient relationships of students of the ural state medical university

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    The purpose of the study is to determine the dominant, most preferred model of the doctor–patient relationship and to study the possible attitude of future healthcare workers towards patients.ЦСль исслСдования – ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ модСль Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Β«Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡-ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Β» ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ Ρƒ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² сфСры здравоохранСния

    Assessment of the training process of cross-crossing persons during the preparation period by the method of medical and pedagogical observation

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    The purpose of the study is to evaluate the training effectiveness of cross-country skiers at the preparatory stage of the training cycle.ЦСль исслСдования – ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρƒ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Π»Ρ‹ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ этапС Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°

    Автоморфизмы ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ошибок ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° – Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°

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    The purpose of this work with its results presented in the article was to develop and transfer to the class of Reed – Solomon codes (RS-codes) the basic provisions of the theory of syndrome norms (TNS), previously developed for the noise-resistant coding of the class of Bose – Chaudhuri – Hocquenghem codes (BCH-codes), which is actively used in theory and practice. To achieve this goal, a transition has been made in the interpretation of the theory of RS-codes from polynomial to matrix language. This approach allows you to fully use the capabilities of Galois field theory. The main difficulty of RS-codes is that they rely on a non-binary alphabet. The same factor is attractive for practical applications of RS-codes. The matrix language allows you to break the syndromes of errors into components that are elements of the Galois field – the field of definition of RS-codes. The TNS for BCH codes is based on the use of automorphisms of these codes – cyclic and cyclotomic substitutions. Automorphisms of RS-codes are studied in detail. The cyclic substitution belongs to the categories of automorphisms of RS-codes and generates a subgroup Π“ of order N (code length). The cyclotomic substitution does not belong to the class of automorphisms of RS-codes – the power of the alphabet greater than 2 prevents this. When expanding the concept of automorphism of a code beyond substitutions of coordinates of vectors to automorphisms of RS-codes, homotheties or affine substitutions can be attributed, since they also form a cyclic group A of order N. It is shown that cyclic and affine substitutions commute with each other, which, generally speaking, is not typical for linear operators and substitutions. The group Π“ of cyclic substitutions, the group A of affine substitutions, and the combined AΠ“ group of order N2 generate 3 types of error orbits in RS-codes. The structure of the orbits of errors with respect to the action of groups A, Π“ and the combined group AΠ“ is studied {231 words}.ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹, Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ прСдставлСны Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ пСрСносС Π½Π° класс ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° – Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° (Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ синдромов (ВНБ), Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ для Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ примСняСмого Π² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ помСхоустойчивого кодирования класса ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΎΡƒΠ·Π° – Π§ΠΎΡƒΠ΄Ρ…ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ – Π₯ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ° (Π‘Π§Π₯-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²). Для достиТСния поставлСнной Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ осущСствлСн ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с полиномиального языка Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ позволяСт Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ возмоТности Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π“Π°Π»ΡƒΠ°. Главная ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π»Ρ„Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ являСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ для практичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ язык позволяСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ синдромы ошибок Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ элСмСнтами поля Π“Π°Π»ΡƒΠ° – поля опрСдСлСния Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ВНБ для Π‘Π§Π₯-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² опираСтся Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² этих ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² – цикличСских ΠΈ циклотомичСских подстановок. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ЦикличСская подстановка относится ΠΊ разрядам Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ Π“ порядка N (Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°). ЦиклотомичСская подстановка Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ‚ классу Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² – ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π°Π»Ρ„Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π°, большая 2, прСпятствуСт этому. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ понятия Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ пСрСстановок ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ отнСсти ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Ρ„Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ подстановки, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ А порядка N. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ цикличСская ΠΈ аффинная подстановки ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ говоря, Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ для Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ подстановок. Π“Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° Π“ цикличСских подстановок, Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° А Π°Ρ„Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… подстановок ΠΈ объСдинСнная АГ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° порядка N2 ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ 3 Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ ошибок Π² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ строСниС ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ ошибок ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ дСйствия Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ А, Π“ ΠΈ объСдинСнной Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ АГ {231 слово}

    ΠšΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ ошибок Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Рида–Боломона с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΈΡ… Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²

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    The article explores the syndrome invariants of АГ-group of automorphisms of Reed–Solomon codes (RS-codes) that are a joint group of affine and cyclic permutations. The found real invariants are a set of norms of N Π“-orbits that make up one or another АГ-orbit. The norms of Π“-orbits are vectors with 2 1 CΞ΄βˆ’ coordinates from the Galois field, that are determined by all kinds of pairs of components of the error syndromes. In this form, the invariants of the АГ-orbits were cumbersome and difficult to use. Therefore, their replacement by conditional partial invariants is proposed. These quasi-invariants are called norm-projections. Norm-projection uniquely identifies its АГ-orbit and therefore serves as an adequate way for formulating the error correction method by RS-codes based on АГ-orbits. The power of the АГ-orbits is estimated by the value of N2, equal to the square of the length of the RS-code. The search for error vectors in transmitted messages by a new method is reduced to parsing the АГ‑orbits, but actually their norm-projections, with the subsequent search for these errors within a particular АГ-orbit. Therefore, the proposed method works almost N2 times faster than traditional syndrome methods, operating on the basic of the β€œsyndrome – error” principle, that boils down to parsing the entire set of error vectors until a specific vector is found.Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ синдромныС ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ АГ-Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Рида–Боломона (РБ‑кодах) – совмСстной Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π°Ρ„Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ цикличСских подстановок. НайдСнныС Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ собой ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ N Π“-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚, ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡŽ АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ. Нормы Π“-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ извСстно, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ с 2 1 CΞ΄βˆ’ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· поля Π“Π°Π»ΡƒΠ° – поля задания Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ всСвозмоТными ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ синдромов ошибок. Π’ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ оказались Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ тяТСловСсными Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° компромиссная ΠΈΡ… Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° условныС, частичныС ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈ-ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ-ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ. Норма-проСкция ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ свою АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ слуТит Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ инструмСнтом для Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ошибок Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° основС АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚. ΠœΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ оцСниваСтся Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ N2, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. Поиск Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²-ошибок Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… сообщСниях Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ сводится ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚, Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ – ΠΈΡ… Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ-ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, с ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ- иском этих ошибок Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ АГ-ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ практичСски Π² N2 Ρ€Π°Π· быстрСС Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… синдромных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡƒ «синдром-ошибки», Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π΅, сводится ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ всСго мноТСства ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²-ошибок Π΄ΠΎ нахоТдСния ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°

    Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ спСктры ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ ошибок Π² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…

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    This article is devoted to the research of the properties of syndromes of errors in Reed-Solomon codes. RS-codes are built on non-binary alphabets. So, unlike BCH-codes, RS-codes contain an extremely large variety of correctable errors. To correct these errors, a systematic application of automorphisms of codes is proposed. Characteristic automorphisms of RS-codes are cyclic and affine substitutions forming cyclic groups Π“ and A whose orders coincide with the code length. Cyclic and affine substitutions commute with each other and generate a joint АГ group, what is the product of subgroups A and Π“. These three groups act on the space of error vectors of RS-codes, breaking this space into three types of error orbits. As a rule, these orbits are complete and contain the maximum possible number of errors. Syndromes are the main indicator of the presence of errors in each message received by the information system, a means of accurately identifying these errors. The specificity of syndromes of double errors in RS-codes is investigated. Determined that syndrome spectrums of error orbits are also complete in most cases. Proved that the structure of the syndrome spectrums copies the structure of the orbits themselves, which in turn copy the structure of groups of code automorphisms. The results obtained are a significant contribution to the construction of the theory of syndrome norms for RS-codes.Данная ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна исслСдованию свойств синдромов ошибок Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°-Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°. Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ построСны Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Π»Ρ„Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΎΡƒΠ·Π°-Π§ΠΎΡƒΠ΄Ρ…ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ-Π₯ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°, Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ содСрТат ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ большоС ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ошибок. Для ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ этих ошибок прСдлагаСтся систСматичСскоС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π₯Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ цикличСскиС ΠΈ Π°Ρ„Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ подстановки, ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ цикличСскиС Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π“ ΠΈ А соотвСтствСнно, порядки ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ с Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ цикличСская ΠΈ аффинная подстановки ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ АГ-Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ прямоС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ А ΠΈ Π“. Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° пространствС Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²-ошибок Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², разбивая это пространство Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ ошибок. Как ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, эти ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ содСрТат максимально Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ количСство ошибок. Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ основным ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ наличия ошибок Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ принятом ИКБ сообщСнии, срСдством Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ этих ошибок. ИсслСдована спСцифика синдромов Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок Π² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ спСктры синдромов ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚ ошибок Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅ случаСв. Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ структура спСктров синдромов ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ структуру самих ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‚, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ структуру Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ сущСствСнным Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² построСниС ВНБ для ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°-Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°

    ΠœΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ систСма характСристик Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… устройств ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅

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    Introduction. The general system of parameters, including compression points and intersection points of various harmonics, is unsuitable for devices operating under the influence of baseband pulses (for example, before the modulator in the transmitter, after the demodulator in the receiver). Previously, the authors have developed simple models in the form of nonlinear recursive filters, which give a satisfactory error in describing the response of a wide class of baseband pulse circuits. The system of nonlinear functions of such models can be considered as a new system of characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse circuits, for which it is necessary to develop a method that ensures their measurement with an acceptable error. In the general formulation, this problem is rather challenging; therefore, this article considers only a first-order nonlinear recursive filter. However, the obtained result gives satisfactory results for devices without flat top transient overshoot.Aim. To consider a method for measuring the characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse devices without overshoot on the flat top of the transient response.Materials and methods. The considered recursive filter is represented by an equivalent circuit consist of nonlinear resistive and capacitive elements. Therefore, the task is reduced to measuring their current-voltage characteristics (IV) and charge-voltage characteristics (CVC). IV characteristics are measured at the flat tops of the transient characteristics of the device. Having a certain IV, we obtain the opportunity to calculate the current (and then the charge) of the capacitive element. The experimental study was carried out on the example of a three-stage amplifier with an aperiodic transient response.Results. The transient characteristics of the filter are approximated by the model with an accuracy of no worse than 3.2 %.Conclusion. The considered system of functions can be obtained with a definable error that satisfactory for practice, which allows it to be considered as a new system of parameters for nonlinear baseband pulse devices.Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. РаспространСнная систСма ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ компрСссии ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ пСрСсСчСния для Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° для устройств, Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… воздСйствиях (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Π΄ΠΎ модулятора Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, послС дСмодулятора Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅). Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ‹ простыС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… рСкурсивных Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ описания ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ класса Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ. БистСма Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ новая систСма характСристик Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ, для Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ с допустимой ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ. Π’ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ постановкС эта Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° вСсьма слоТна, поэтому Π² настоящСй ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ рассмотрСн лишь Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ рСкурсивный Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ порядка. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ зависимости, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ для устройств Π±Π΅Π· выброса Π½Π° плоской Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ характСристики.ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ способ измСрСния характСристик Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… устройств Π±Π΅Π· выброса Π½Π° плоской Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ характСристики.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. РассмотрСнный рСкурсивный Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€ прСдставлСн эквивалСнтной схСмой ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… рСзистивного ΠΈ Смкостного элСмСнтов. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° сводится ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ‚-Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ характСристики (ВАΠ₯) ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ½-Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ характСристики. ВАΠ₯ измСряСтся Π½Π° плоских Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… характСристик устройства. ИмСя ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ВАΠ₯, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ (ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ заряд) Смкостного элСмСнта. Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ трСхкаскадного усилитСля с апСриодичСской ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ характСристикой.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристики Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€Π° аппроксимированы модСлью с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π½Π΅ Ρ…ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ 3.2 %.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. РассмотрСнная систСма Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π° с опрСдСляСмой ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ для ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ позволяСт Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ систСму ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… устройст

    ИндСкс травматичСских острых Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ для ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ… хирургичСскому Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ

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    THE AIM OF THE STUDY. was an index creation for both single and multiple acute traumatic intracranial hematomas (ATIH) for objectification of the surgical treatment indications and using multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) and based on up-to-date clinical recommendations.MATERIAL AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective study of 3 groups of patients with ATIH. Group 1 included 19 patients who were treated conservatively and discharged from the hospital without complications (group of conservative treatment). Group 2 included 9 patients who were observed after hospitalization and were treated in a delayed manner surgically due to growth of the intracranial hematoma volume or the patient condition deterioration (group of observation). Group 3 included 18 patients who were operated due urgent indications (group of surgical treatment). For each patient, the acute traumatic hematoma index (ATHI) was calculated by our original formula. It took the ATIH location, volume in milliliters according to the first MSCT, and risk factors significant for poor outcomes into account. After a preliminary assessment of the significance of differences between the studied characters of groups, a discriminant analysis was carried out with determination of the ATHI values in each group.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. The suggested ATHI index has been shown to be effective in assessing single and multiple ATIHs of any location in accordance with current recommendations. The index is an objective (digital) and easy-to-use for determining ATIH surgical treatment indications and statistical treatment. If ATHI is less than 3 points, there are no indications for surgery and the repeated MSCT of the brain is indicated at least 12 hours after the first checkup or if the suspicious clinical sings appear; if ATHI is 3–4, the indications for surgery are relative and the repeated MSCT of the brain is required 6 hours later even if the patient condition is unaltered; the surgery is indicated if ATHI is more than 4 points.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.Π¦Π•Π›Π¬ Π˜Π‘Π‘Π›Π•Π”ΠžΠ’ΠΠΠ˜Π―. На основС соврСмСнных Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡ возмоТности ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ (МБКВ), Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ индСкс ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ мноТСствСнных острых травматичСских Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ (ΠžΠ’Π’Π“) для ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ… хирургичСскому Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ.ΠœΠΠ’Π•Π Π˜ΠΠ› И ΠœΠ•Π’ΠžΠ”Π«. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ рСтроспСктивноС исслСдованиС 46 ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠžΠ’Π’Π“. Π“Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° 1 β€” 19 ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… консСрвативно ΠΈ выписанных с ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ состояния (Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° консСрвативного лСчСния). Π“Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° 2 β€” 9 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ наблюдСниСм, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… отсрочСнно вслСдствиС увСличСния объСма Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡƒΡ…ΡƒΠ΄ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ состояния. Π“Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° 3 β€” 18 ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠžΠ’Π’Π“, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ хирургичСскому Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ сразу послС поступлСния (Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ° хирургичСского лСчСния). Для ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ… рассчитан Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ индСкс травматичСской острой Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ (Π˜Π’ΠžΠ“) ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Π΅, ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π΅ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, объСм Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ МБКВ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ риска нСблагоприятного исхода. ПослС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ достовСрности Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ дискриминантный Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· с ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π˜Π’ΠžΠ“ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ….РЕЗУЛЬВАВЫ И Π’Π«Π’ΠžΠ”Π«. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π˜Π’ΠžΠ“ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ мноТСствСнных ΠžΠ’Π’Π“ любой Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² соотвСтствии с соврСмСнными рСкомСндациями. ИндСкс являСтся ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ (Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ) ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ хирургичСскому Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠžΠ’Π’Π“, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² статистичСских исслСдованиях. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π˜Π’ΠžΠ“ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 3 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² хирургичСскоС Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, повторная МБКВ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° цСлСсообразна Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· 12 часов ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ клиничСском ΡƒΡ…ΡƒΠ΄ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ состояния ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Π²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ; ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π˜Π’ΠžΠ“ 3–4 Π±Π°Π»Π»Π° β€” показания ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅, повторная МБКВ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° рСкомСндуСтся Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· 6 часов послС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ МБКВ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ клиничСски Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ состоянии ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°; ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π˜Π’ΠžΠ“ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 4 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ хирургичСскоС Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Авторы Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΠ± отсутствии ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π° интСрСсов
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