134 research outputs found
Non-invasive detection of intracranial pressure in clinical practice (review of literature)
The aim of the research was to summarize the results of the researches of preoperative diagnostics of intracranial hypertension using data of modern publications and also to determine possible algorithm of diagnostic measures before planning neurosurgical approach at the treatment of intracranial injuries. We analyzed Russian and foreign literary sources for 30 years using key words and search system PubMed. The analysis shows that the search of methods of non-invasive control of intracranial pressure is still actual because of the risk of severe complications of using invasive methods. The most accurate and clinically valuable method of evaluation and prediction of intracranial hypertension in patients with severe craniocerebral injury amongst all considered non-invasive methods (evaluation of tympanic membrane displacement, cochlear microphonia, evaluation of blood pressure in retinal veins, transcranial Doppler imaging, evaluation of optic nerve diameter etc.) is an evaluation of optic nerve diameter using data of ultrasonography, CT imaging and magnetic resonance tomography. Given the fact of operator-dependence of ultrasonography and known limitation for using magnetic resonance tomography in patients with severe craniocerebral injury, CT-data of the optic nerve diameter more than 5,8 mm available from plain preoperative examination can be considered as a reliable prognostic index of development of intracranial hypertension while planning p operative approach
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF IRKUTSK FROM EXTERNAL REASONS AND SOME DISEASES RELATED ETHYL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
To our mind, the population alcoholization is the one of the major medical-social problems in Irkutsk region. According to official statistics it is established that in recent years the average index of incidence with diagnosis of an alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis established for the first time as a whole was higher in Irkutsk region, than in the Russian Federation and Siberian Federal district -1,7 and 1,5 times respectively. Sociological polls of the population of Irkutsk showed that 10 % of adult population and less than 20 % of youth do not take alcoholic drinks only. Abuse of alcohol makes a particular contribution to increase in number of lethal cases from diseases of system of blood circulation and the external reasons (mechanical trauma, suicides). It is not possible to estimate these indexes according to statistical data. The purpose of the real research was studying of a share of deadly outcomes among the population of Irkutsk, associated with ethyl alcohol. The profound personified analysis of mortality of the population of Irkutsk from the external reasons and some diseases (according to the international classification of diseases of the 10th revision) was carried out according to archive of Irkutsk regional bureau of a forensic medical expertise during 2000-2012, in cases when ethyl alcohol was found in cadaver blood. It was established, that the share of acute poisonings with ethyl alcohol makes about 4 % in structure of common mortality of the population of Irkutsk. The share of persons of young age of the dead as a result of an acute alcoholic poisoning makes nearly 20 % in recentyears. The high level of suicide activity of the population of the city interfaced to alcohol intake was revealed. More than 50 % were in an alcohol intoxication of various degree, among the persons prematurely left life. The share of the lethal mechanical traumas, associated with alcohol intoxication, made about a half from all cases of a mechanical trauma. During the 13-year period the decrease of the share of death resulted from cardiovascular diseases, associated with ethyl alcohol, was observed (with 30 to 16 %). Thus among the persons of young age having diseases of cardiovascular system, more than 50 % were at the time of death approach in an alcohol intoxication. The conducted research shows that the actual"hidden" losses of the population interfaced to alcohol intake, are much higher. The alcoholization of the population influences not only formation of losses from acute alcoholic poisonings, but also from the external reasons and diseases against which there was an abuse of ethyl alcohol
Direct observation of Levy flight of holes in bulk n-InP
We study the photoluminescence spectra excited at an edge side of n-InP slabs
and observed from the broadside. In a moderately doped sample the intensity
drops off as a power-law function of the distance from the excitation - up to
several millimeters - with no change in the spectral shape.The hole
distribution is described by a stationary Levy-flight process over more than
two orders of magnitude in both the distance and hole concentration. For
heavily-doped samples, the power law is truncated by free-carrier absorption.
Our experiments are near-perfectly described by the Biberman-Holstein transport
equation with parameters found from independent optical experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Analysis of views on the system of doctor-patient relationships of students of the ural state medical university
The purpose of the study is to determine the dominant, most preferred model of the doctorβpatient relationship and to study the possible attitude of future healthcare workers towards patients.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Β«Π²ΡΠ°Ρ-ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΒ» ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Assessment of the training process of cross-crossing persons during the preparation period by the method of medical and pedagogical observation
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the training effectiveness of cross-country skiers at the preparatory stage of the training cycle.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π»ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° β Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°
The purpose of this work with its results presented in the article was to develop and transfer to the class of Reed β Solomon codes (RS-codes) the basic provisions of the theory of syndrome norms (TNS), previously developed for the noise-resistant coding of the class of Bose β Chaudhuri β Hocquenghem codes (BCH-codes), which is actively used in theory and practice. To achieve this goal, a transition has been made in the interpretation of the theory of RS-codes from polynomial to matrix language. This approach allows you to fully use the capabilities of Galois field theory. The main difficulty of RS-codes is that they rely on a non-binary alphabet. The same factor is attractive for practical applications of RS-codes. The matrix language allows you to break the syndromes of errors into components that are elements of the Galois field β the field of definition of RS-codes. The TNS for BCH codes is based on the use of automorphisms of these codes β cyclic and cyclotomic substitutions. Automorphisms of RS-codes are studied in detail. The cyclic substitution belongs to the categories of automorphisms of RS-codes and generates a subgroup Π of order N (code length). The cyclotomic substitution does not belong to the class of automorphisms of RS-codes β the power of the alphabet greater than 2 prevents this. When expanding the concept of automorphism of a code beyond substitutions of coordinates of vectors to automorphisms of RS-codes, homotheties or affine substitutions can be attributed, since they also form a cyclic group A of order N. It is shown that cyclic and affine substitutions commute with each other, which, generally speaking, is not typical for linear operators and substitutions. The group Π of cyclic substitutions, the group A of affine substitutions, and the combined AΠ group of order N2 generate 3 types of error orbits in RS-codes. The structure of the orbits of errors with respect to the action of groups A, Π and the combined group AΠ is studied {231 words}.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π° β Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° (Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² (Π’ΠΠ‘), ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΡΠ·Π° β Π§ΠΎΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΡΠΈ β Π₯ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ° (ΠΠ§Π₯-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²). ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ° β ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π’ΠΠ‘ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ§Π₯-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° N (Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°). Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ 2, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° N. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° Π ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° N2 ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ 3 Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π, Π ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΠ {231 ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ}
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°βΠ‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²
The article explores the syndrome invariants of ΠΠ-group of automorphisms of ReedβSolomon codes (RS-codes) that are a joint group of affine and cyclic permutations. The found real invariants are a set of norms of N Π-orbits that make up one or another ΠΠ-orbit. The norms of Π-orbits are vectors with 2 1 CΞ΄β coordinates from the Galois field, that are determined by all kinds of pairs of components of the error syndromes. In this form, the invariants of the ΠΠ-orbits were cumbersome and difficult to use. Therefore, their replacement by conditional partial invariants is proposed. These quasi-invariants are called norm-projections. Norm-projection uniquely identifies its ΠΠ-orbit and therefore serves as an adequate way for formulating the error correction method by RS-codes based on ΠΠ-orbits. The power of the ΠΠ-orbits is estimated by the value of N2, equal to the square of the length of the RS-code. The search for error vectors in transmitted messages by a new method is reduced to parsing the ΠΠβorbits, but actually their norm-projections, with the subsequent search for these errors within a particular ΠΠ-orbit. Therefore, the proposed method works almost N2 times faster than traditional syndrome methods, operating on the basic of the βsyndrome β errorβ principle, that boils down to parsing the entire set of error vectors until a specific vector is found.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ-Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°βΠ‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° (Π Π‘βΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
) β ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ N Π-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ 2 1 CΞ΄β ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ° β ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈ-ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ N2, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ β ΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ- ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ-ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² N2 ΡΠ°Π· Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Β«ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΒ», ΡΡΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°
Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
This article is devoted to the research of the properties of syndromes of errors in Reed-Solomon codes. RS-codes are built on non-binary alphabets. So, unlike BCH-codes, RS-codes contain an extremely large variety of correctable errors. To correct these errors, a systematic application of automorphisms of codes is proposed. Characteristic automorphisms of RS-codes are cyclic and affine substitutions forming cyclic groups Π and A whose orders coincide with the code length. Cyclic and affine substitutions commute with each other and generate a joint ΠΠ group, what is the product of subgroups A and Π. These three groups act on the space of error vectors of RS-codes, breaking this space into three types of error orbits. As a rule, these orbits are complete and contain the maximum possible number of errors. Syndromes are the main indicator of the presence of errors in each message received by the information system, a means of accurately identifying these errors. The specificity of syndromes of double errors in RS-codes is investigated. Determined that syndrome spectrums of error orbits are also complete in most cases. Proved that the structure of the syndrome spectrums copies the structure of the orbits themselves, which in turn copy the structure of groups of code automorphisms. The results obtained are a significant contribution to the construction of the theory of syndrome norms for RS-codes.ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°-Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°. Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΡΠ·Π°-Π§ΠΎΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΡΠΈ-Π₯ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°, Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π ΠΈ Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΠ-Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π ΠΈ Π. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ. Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² Π Π‘-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π’ΠΠ‘ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°-Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°
ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Introduction. The general system of parameters, including compression points and intersection points of various harmonics, is unsuitable for devices operating under the influence of baseband pulses (for example, before the modulator in the transmitter, after the demodulator in the receiver). Previously, the authors have developed simple models in the form of nonlinear recursive filters, which give a satisfactory error in describing the response of a wide class of baseband pulse circuits. The system of nonlinear functions of such models can be considered as a new system of characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse circuits, for which it is necessary to develop a method that ensures their measurement with an acceptable error. In the general formulation, this problem is rather challenging; therefore, this article considers only a first-order nonlinear recursive filter. However, the obtained result gives satisfactory results for devices without flat top transient overshoot.Aim. To consider a method for measuring the characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse devices without overshoot on the flat top of the transient response.Materials and methods. The considered recursive filter is represented by an equivalent circuit consist of nonlinear resistive and capacitive elements. Therefore, the task is reduced to measuring their current-voltage characteristics (IV) and charge-voltage characteristics (CVC). IV characteristics are measured at the flat tops of the transient characteristics of the device. Having a certain IV, we obtain the opportunity to calculate the current (and then the charge) of the capacitive element. The experimental study was carried out on the example of a three-stage amplifier with an aperiodic transient response.Results. The transient characteristics of the filter are approximated by the model with an accuracy of no worse than 3.2 %.Conclusion. The considered system of functions can be obtained with a definable error that satisfactory for practice, which allows it to be considered as a new system of parameters for nonlinear baseband pulse devices.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
(Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅). Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ-Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠΠ₯) ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½-Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΠ₯, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄) Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΡΠΆΠ΅ 3.2 %.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡ
ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
THE AIM OF THE STUDY. was an index creation for both single and multiple acute traumatic intracranial hematomas (ATIH) for objectification of the surgical treatment indications and using multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) and based on up-to-date clinical recommendations.MATERIAL AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective study of 3 groups of patients with ATIH. Group 1 included 19 patients who were treated conservatively and discharged from the hospital without complications (group of conservative treatment). Group 2 included 9 patients who were observed after hospitalization and were treated in a delayed manner surgically due to growth of the intracranial hematoma volume or the patient condition deterioration (group of observation). Group 3 included 18 patients who were operated due urgent indications (group of surgical treatment). For each patient, the acute traumatic hematoma index (ATHI) was calculated by our original formula. It took the ATIH location, volume in milliliters according to the first MSCT, and risk factors significant for poor outcomes into account. After a preliminary assessment of the significance of differences between the studied characters of groups, a discriminant analysis was carried out with determination of the ATHI values in each group.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. The suggested ATHI index has been shown to be effective in assessing single and multiple ATIHs of any location in accordance with current recommendations. The index is an objective (digital) and easy-to-use for determining ATIH surgical treatment indications and statistical treatment. If ATHI is less than 3 points, there are no indications for surgery and the repeated MSCT of the brain is indicated at least 12 hours after the first checkup or if the suspicious clinical sings appear; if ATHI is 3β4, the indications for surgery are relative and the repeated MSCT of the brain is required 6 hours later even if the patient condition is unaltered; the surgery is indicated if ATHI is more than 4 points.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.Π¦ΠΠΠ¬ ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ―. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠ‘ΠΠ’), ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠ’ΠΠ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ«. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 46 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠ’ΠΠ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° 1 β 19 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ (Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° 2 β 9 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° 3 β 18 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠ’ΠΠ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΡ (ΠΠ’ΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π΅, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π΅ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ’, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ’ΠΠ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
.Π ΠΠΠ£ΠΠ¬Π’ΠΠ’Π« Π ΠΠ«ΠΠΠΠ«. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ’ΠΠ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ (ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ) ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠ’ΠΠ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 3 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ’ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 12 ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ; ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ’ΠΠ 3β4 Π±Π°Π»Π»Π° β ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ’ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 6 ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ’, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°; ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ’ΠΠ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 4 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
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