Development of spring durum wheat cultivars resistant to stem rust in Western Siberia

Background. Stem rust of wheat, caused by the biotrophic fungus Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. et Henn., is a dangerous disease that afflicts serious economic damage to the cultivation of durum wheat.Materials and methods. Cultivars and promising materials developed at the Spring Durum Wheat Breeding Laboratory, Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center (OASC), lines obtained under the CIMMYT and KASIB programs, and accessions from the VIR collection were the objects of research. Field experiments, phenological observations, and assessment of stem rust resistance were carried out from 1990 through 2019 in the OASC experimental fields using conventional methods. Resistance to the Ug99 race was evaluated under natural infection pressure at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO).Results. Promising source material was identified and included in the Laboratory’s breeding program. The ways were shown to develop stable cultivars of spring durum wheat for the environments of Western Siberia. A strategy was proposed for the selection of genotypes in hybrid combinations of spring durum wheat: it would include early selection (starting from F2 ) for disease resistance with simultaneous screening for quantitative traits and pasta-making qualities. The description and advantages of cv. ‘Omsky korall’, submitted to the State Variety Trials in 2018, are presented. This cultivar combines high yield, adaptability, resistance to the local population and the Ug99 race of the stem rust pathogen, and excellent pasta-making qualities.Conclusion. As a result of these studies under heavy stem rust pressure in Western Siberia, all breeding nurseries obtained source material resistant to the Omsk population of P. graminis. The released cultivars ‘Omskaya yantarnaya’ and ‘Omsky izumrud’ demonstrate resistance to the Omsk population of the stem rust causative agent

Drought tolerance gene pool in developing adaptive varieties of durum wheat identified in study nurseries under the Kazakhstan-Siberian program

Drought during the wheat vegetative period happens often in West Siberia and Kazakhstan condition. For this reason, varieties with adaptation to climatic zones, drought tolerance and high stability have high importance. The breeding efficiency and rates depend on the amount of information on genotypes in every study cycle. The aim of this study was to screen breeding material in Siberian and Kazakhstan research institutes from KASIB nurseries for drought tolerance and to develop a drought tolerant pool. For the evaluation of genotypes, it is necessary to study them in diverse condition. The basic purpose of the present work is to study breading material of durum wheat from KASIB institutions at different ecological sites. In 2000–2015, durum wheat entries in the Kazakhstan-Siberian program were studied. Progress in durum wheat breeding was tested in Russian and Kazakhstan institutes. Entries were screened for drought tolerance, yield and yield stability. They have value for including in hybridization for developing varieties with adaptation to Siberian and Kazakhstan conditions. The following varieties and lines are recommended for breading for drought tolerance: 383-МС, 452-МС, Каrgala 303, Каrgala 447, Каrgalа 24, Каrgala 1515/06, Каrgala 1516/06, Каrgala 69, Каrgala 1538, Каrgalа 1540, Каrgalа 1539, Kargalа 1671, Каrgalа 1411 (Акtubinsk Agricultural Experimental Station), Hordeiforme 91-25-5, Hordeiforme 91-22-2, Jemthujina Sibiri, Hordeiforme 94-94-13, Hordeiforme 98-42-1, Hordeiforme 01-121-3, Hordeiforme 02-156-1 (Siberian Research Agricultural Institute), Аltin schigis, Аltin dala, Line Г1549 (Каrabalyk Experimental Station), Hordeiforme 373, Hordeiforme 627 (Altai Research Agricultural Institute), 17394, 18053, Nauriz-6 (Кazakh Research-Production Center of Agriculture and Plant Growing), Коllektivnaya 2, ТС-15 (Kurgan Research Agricultural Institute), Line 653d-4 (Sаmara Research Agricultural Institute)

Using the gene pool of CIMMYT cultivars and lines in spring durum wheat breeding in Western Siberia

Background. Preservation and expansion of the source material genetic diversity and its purposeful use is the basis for the development of adaptable spring durum wheat cultivars for the environments of Western Siberia.Materials and methods. The target research material included the cultivars and promising material of Triticum durum Desf. developed in the Spring Durum Wheat Breeding Laboratory of Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center as well as the gene pool of cultivars and lines obtained under the CIMMYT International Cooperation Program. Field trials, disease resistance assessment and phenological observations were carried out on the experimental fields of the Institute in 2000–2020 according to generally accepted methods. Principal component analysis was carried out using the R version of the 4.0.3 package.Results. The studies have shown that CIMMYT lines differ from local cultivars and lines in disease resistance (brown rust, stem rust, hard smut, and powdery mildew), test weight, pasta-making properties, and lodging resistance, but under the conditions of Western Siberia they are significantly inferior in adaptability to local cultivars and lines and suffer greatly from drought, especially during the grain-filling period. In the genetic control of the studied traits, the additive-dominant system with the inclusion of the complementary recessive epistasis prevails. Local cultivars dominated in most of the studied traits, except the stem length, and the length and diameter of the second internode, where short-stemmed cultivars affected the degree of the traits’ expression in hybrids.Conclusion. The result of such activity was the release of cv. ‘Omsky Korall’, which combines high yield, adaptability to the climate of Western Siberia, and resistance to the local population of Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. et Henn. and Ug99, with excellent pasta-making properties, as well as the presence of promising lines in all breeding nurseries

Promising genetic sources for the creation of varieties of durum spring wheat in Western Siberia

The study, expansion and preservation of the genetic diversity of the source material, and its purposeful use in hybridization is the basis for the creation of adaptive varieties of durum spring wheat that are resistant to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of Western Siberia. The objects of research were samples of durum spring wheat. Over the years of research (2000–2020), about 3 thousand samples were worked out from the world gene pool of various countries and regions: from the collection of the VIR, the gene pool from Mexico (CIMMYT) within the framework of the agreement and cooperation program (2000–2007), from 2000 to the present time under the program of the Kazakh-Siberian Spring Wheat Breeding Network (KASIB), from other scientific institutions of Russia in exchange activities. Using generally accepted techniques, the obtained material was studied for a complex of traits: yield, adaptability, grain quality, resistance to diseases. In the cycle of studying the gene pool from CIMMYT, 50 genotypes were identified in terms of yield at the level of the Omskaja jantarnaja standard, 276 grains by test weight, 131 samples by pasta color, 131 samples by resistance to hard smut, and 112 by resistance to powdery mildew. Almost all samples were not affected by leaf rust. The study set showed high sensitivity to extreme conditions and most forms of interest in quality and disease resistance were low-productive in our environment. In KASIB nurseries, 29 samples were identified in terms of yield and adaptability, 29 samples in terms of grain quality, 21 in terms of resistance to diseases, including 8 resistant to stem rust. In the set of varieties received from the VIR, 15 genotypes were adaptive, 16 had high grain quality, 11 were resistant to stem rust. In the breeding material, 17 samples of the local population resistant to stem rust (6 of them were comprehensively resistant) and 25 race-resistant to Ug99 were identified. The genotypes identified as a result of research are of interest as sources of valuable traits

Оценка адаптивной способности и взаимодействий генотипа и среды перспективных линий яровой твердой пшеницы в условиях Омской области

The stability of grain production largely depends on prevailing weather conditions and cultivation technology. It also depends on the ability of the variety to maintain a high-level yield and grain quality under adverse environmental conditions. The study aims to determine the adaptive properties and genotype-medium interactions in yield formation in spring durum wheat lines. The authors conducted field research in 2019-2021 based on the breeding rotation of the durum wheat breeding laboratory of the FSBSI Omsk Research Center. The authors also conducted research at a seed production site in the steppe zone in the village of Novouralskiy, Tavrinsky district, Omsk region. Competitive varietal trials were laid on the pure pairing of 40 numbers and three registry varieties. The area of the plots was ten m², the repetition was double, and the placement was randomized. Weather conditions were contrasting both in terms of precipitation and temperature regime. Atypical meteorological conditions prevailed in 2019: favorable in the first vegetation period and drought conditions in the second (Volga type of drought). Drought conditions were observed throughout the summer of 2020. The most unfavorable conditions for grain filling and ripening occurred in 2021. Ecological plasticity parameters were calculated according to S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russel. AMMI-analysis (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) were determined according to R.W Zobel et al. The analysis showed the effectiveness of differentiation of genotype response to the environment by AMMI-analysis and the model of S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell. At the same time, AMMI analysis with graphs was more informative. The varieties Gordeiforme 11-70-7-7, Gordeiforme 11-47-1, and Gordeiforme 11-49-1-1 proved to be most responsive to changing growing conditions. The genotypes Gordeiforme 14-83-1, Gordeiforme 13-18-3, and Gordeiforme 13-37-2 stably form high productivity. The line of the variety Gordeiforme 12-11-7 has the least interaction between genotype and environment.Стабильность производства зерна во многом зависит от складывающихся погодных условий, технологии возделывания и способности сорта сохранить высокий уровень урожайности и качества зерна при воздействии неблагоприятных условий среды. Цель исследований – определение адаптивных свойств и генотип-средовых взаимодействий в формировании урожайности у линий яровой твердой пшеницы. Полевые исследования выполнялись в 2019–2021 гг. на базе селекционного севооборота лаборатории селекции твердой пшеницы ФГБНУ «Омский АНЦ», а также на опорном пункте семеноводства в степной зоне в пос. Новоуральский Таврического района Омской области. Конкурсное сортоиспытание было заложено по чистому пару в количестве 40 номеров и 3 реестровых сорта. Площадь делянок 10 м², повторность двукратная, размещение рендомизированное. Погодные условия отличались контрастностью как по осадкам, так и по температурному режиму. В 2019 г. сложились нетипичные метеорологические условия: благоприятные в первый период вегетации и засушливые во второй (поволжский тип засухи), в 2020 г. засуха наблюдалась в течение всего лета. Самые неблагоприятные условия для налива и созревания зерна складывались в 2021 г. Параметры экологической пластичности рассчитывали по S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russel. Эффекты аддитивных и мультипликативных взаимодействий (АММИ-анализ) были определены по R.W Zobel и др. Проведенный анализ показал эффективность дифференциации реакции генотипа на окружающую среду AMMI-анализа и модели S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell. В то же время AMMI-анализ с отображением графиков был более информативен. Наиболее отзывчивыми на изменение условий произрастания оказались Гордеиформе 11-70-7, Гордеиформе 11-47-1 и Гордеиформе 11-49-1-1. Стабильно формируют высокую продуктивность генотипы Гордеиформе 14-83-1, Гордеиформе 13-18-3, Гордеиформе 13-37-2. Наименьшее взаимодействие генотипа и среды отмечается у линии Гордеиформе 12-11-7

Стекловидность зерна и оценка адаптивной способности перспективных линий яровой твёрдой пшеницы в условиях Омской области

The authors studied varieties and lines of durum spring wheat according to grain vitreousness in 2019–2022 based on the selected crop rotation of the durum wheat laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Omsk ANC”, as well as at the stronghold of seed production in the steppe zone in the village Novouralsky of the Tavrichesky district of the Omsk region. Competitive variety testing was based on a pure fallow of 26 numbers, five varieties. The area of plots is ten m², repeated four times; the placement is randomised. The weather conditions differed, in contrast, both in terms of precipitation and temperature regime. In 2019, atypical meteorological conditions developed: favourable in the first growing season and dry in the second (Volga type of drought); in 2020, a deficit was observed throughout the summer. The most unfavourable conditions for filling and ripening of grain took shape in 2021 and 2022. Ecological plasticity parameters were calculated according to S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell. The effects of additive and multiplicative interactions (AMMI-analysis) were determined by R.W. Zobel et al. The analysis showed the effectiveness of differentiating the genotype’s response to the AMMI analysis’s environment and the S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell. Average vitreousness for 2019–2022 amounted to 57.5%. According to varieties and lines, vitreousness varied from 54 to 62%. The lines Gordeiforme 12-11-7 and Gordeiforme 14-83-1 were the most responsive to changing environmental conditions. For cultivation in Western Siberia, the following varieties are recommended: Omsk malachite and the line Gordeiforme 12-75-3.Изучение сортов и линий твердой яровой пшеницы по стекловидности зерна проводили в 2019–2022 гг. на базе селекционного севооборота лаборатории твердой пшеницы ФГБНУ «Омский АНЦ», а также на опорном пункте семеноводства в степной зоне в пос. Новоуральский Таврического района Омской области. Конкурсное сортоиспытание было заложено по чистому пару в количестве 26 номеров, из них 5 сортов. Площадь делянок 10 м², повторность четырехкратная, размещение рендомизированное. Погодные условия отличались контрастностью как по осадкам, так и по температурному режиму. В 2019 г. сложились нетипичные метеорологические условия: благоприятные в первый период вегетации и засушливые во второй (поволжский тип засухи), в 2020 г. засуха наблюдалась в течение всего лета. Самые неблагоприятные условия налива и созревания зерна складывались в 2021 и 2022 гг. Параметры экологической пластичности рассчитывали по S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russel. Эффекты аддитивных и мультипликативных взаимодействий (АММИ-анализ) были определены по R.W. Zobel и др. Проведенный анализ показал эффективность дифференциации реакции генотипа на окружающую среду AMMИ анализа и модели S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell. Средний показатель стекловидности за 2019–2022 гг. составил 57,5%. По сортам и линиям стекловидность варьировала от 54 до 62%. Наиболее отзывчивыми на изменение условий среды оказались линии Гордеиформе 12-11-7 и Гордеиформе 14-83-1. Для возделывания в условиях Западной Сибири рекомендуются сорт: Омский малахит и линия Гордеиформе 12-75-3

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОРТОВ ТВЁРДОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПО ЭЛЕМЕНТАМ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И ПЛАСТИЧНОСТИ

In Western Siberia, during the laboratory studies of the durum wheat breeding in the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center in 2015-2018 the productivity of durum wheat varieties from the nursery of ecological variety testing was studied. Scientific data on the elements of the crop structure are presented, depending on the agrometeorological conditions of the growing season. Years of research in Omsk were quite contrasting in terms of temperature and moisture supply. Durum wheat productivity was estimated by ripeness groups and correlative interconnections were revealed by productivity elements. The conditions of the growing season significantly affected the productivity of durum wheat. The productive bushiness varied slightly from year to year during the research. The density of the stalk has increased to two productive stems in some species in 2018. There was also found an increase in the spike content of the spike up to 30 pcs in 2018. A correlation between the number of grains in an ear and the grain weight of the main ear was established. A reliable interconnection between productivity and the grain mass of the main ear was observed. The grain weight of the main spike varied between 1.1-1.6 g. Oazis and Omsk emerald were distinguished by all productivity indicators. It was found that most of the studied species formed a high yield in 2018 and the lowest in 2016 with a lack of moisture during harvest. In the course of research, the most productive and plastic species were identified by a number of characteristics. The Omsk emerald species has a high productivity potential and it is resistant to sharp weather  conditions. The calculation of ecological plasticity showed that the species Pamyati Chekhovich and Oasis are most responsive to changing growing conditions, but more demanding on agricultural technology. For cultivation in Omsk region farms the species Omsk Amber, Omsk Steppe, and Pearl of Siberia can be recommended.В условиях Западной Сибири в исследованиях лаборатории селекции твердой пшеницы ФГБНУ «Омский аграрный научный центр» в 2015–2018 гг. изучена продуктивность сортов твердой пшеницы из питомника экологического сортоиспытания. Представлены научные данные по элементам структуры урожая в зависимости от агрометеорологических условий периода вегетации. Годы исследований в Омске были довольно контрастны по температурному режиму и влагообеспеченности. Проведена оценка урожайности твёрдой пшеницы по группам спелости и выявлены коррелятивные взаимосвязи по элементам продуктивности. Условия периода вегетации значительно повлияли на продуктивность твёрдой пшеницы. Продуктивная кустистость менялась по годам исследования незначительно. Густота стеблестоя возросла до двух продуктивных стеблей у некоторых сортов в 2018 г. Увеличение озернённости колоса до 30 шт. в среднем по группам спелости наблюдалось также в 2018 г. Установлена корреляция между количеством зёрен в колосе и массой зерна главного колоса. Достоверная взаимосвязь наблюдалась между урожайностью и массой зерна главного колоса. Масса зерна главного колоса варьировала в пределах 1,1–1,6 г. По всем показателям продуктивности выделились сорта Оазис и Омский изумруд. Установлено, что большая часть изученных сортов формировала высокую урожайность в 2018 г. а самую низкую в 2016 г. при недостатке влаги во время уборки. В ходе исследований определены наиболее урожайные и пластичные по ряду признаков сорта. Сорт Омский изумруд имеет высокий потенциал продуктивности и устойчив к неблагоприятным условиям среды. Расчёт экологической пластичности показал, что сорта Памяти Чеховича и Оазис наиболее отзывчивы на изменение условий выращивания, но более требовательны к агротехнике. Для выращивания в хозяйствах Омской области на экстенсивном фоне можно рекомендовать сорта Омская янтарная, Омская степная, Жемчужина Сибири

Flux Phase as a Dynamic Jahn-Teller Phase: Berryonic Matter in the Cuprates?

There is considerable evidence for some form of charge ordering on the hole-doped stripes in the cuprates, mainly associated with the low-temperature tetragonal phase, but with some evidence for either charge density waves or a flux phase, which is a form of dynamic charge-density wave. These three states form a pseudospin triplet, demonstrating a close connection with the E X e dynamic Jahn-Teller effect, suggesting that the cuprates constitute a form of Berryonic matter. This in turn suggests a new model for the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect as a form of flux phase. A simple model of the Cu-O bond stretching phonons allows an estimate of electron-phonon coupling for these modes, explaining why the half breathing mode softens so much more than the full oxygen breathing mode. The anomalous properties of $O^{2-}$ provide a coupling (correlated hopping) which acts to stabilize density wave phases.Comment: Major Revisions: includes comparisons with specific cuprate phonon modes, 16 eps figures, revte

Harvesting index and ratio of grain and non-grain part of a head of spring durum wheat varieties in the West Siberia

Harvesting index and ratio of grain and non-grain part of a head of spring durum wheat varieties in the West Siberia The varieties of spring durum wheat ‘Omskaya yantarnaya’, ‘Omsky korund’, ‘Zhemchuzhina Sibiri’, ‘Omsky izumrud’, ‘Omskaya stepnaya’, ‘Omsky tsirkon’ were studied in the conditions of the years 2013-2015. There was established a harvesting index, a share of non-grain part of a head (awnings, spikelets and floral scales, a spike stem) and their ratio with grain part. The harvesting index (taking into consideration lateral shoots varied from 30.8% (‘Omsky tsirkon’) to 39.9% (‘Omsky izumrud’). The main part of a head belongs to grain amount (71.6%-77.5%). Non-grain part (capes) is of 22.5-28.4%. The most part of non-grain mass belongs to scales (‘Omsky tsirkon’ with 12.9% and ‘Zhemchuzhina Sibiri’ with 15.7%). The average value of the share of awns in all varieties does not exceed 9.3%, with fluctuations of 6.9% (‘Omsky tsirkon’) to 10.3% (‘Omskaya stepnaya’). The share of a spike stem is small (2.6-3.1%). In the structure of the main sprout of durum wheat varieties, the proportion of awns is of 2.8-5.0%, the proportion of a spike stem is of 1.1-1.7%, the proportion of scales is of 5.1-7.8%. Non-grain elements of a spike are about 12.3% on average, with fluctuations from 9.0% (‘Omsky tsirkon’) to 14.1% (‘Zhemchuzhina Sibiri’). The share of grain amount of the whole sprout is of 47.8% in ‘Omsky izumrud’ and 38.7% in ‘Omsky tsirkon’. The ratio of a share of a spike to a straw of the main sprout is as follows: ‘Omsky izumrud’ 1.59/1.0; ‘Zhemchuzhina Sibiri’ 1.35/1.0; ‘Omskaya stepnaya’ and ‘Omskaya yantarnaya’ 1.24/1.0; ‘Omsky tsirkon’ 0.91/1.0 and ‘Omsky korund’ 1.11/1.0