Статистическое изучение конъюнктуры валютного рынка

The authors attempted to conduct a statistical study of foreign exchange market and its environment, determined the theoretical basis of the study and aspects of practical application of the obtained results. To achieve this goal, the authors defined the subject of the statistical study of the foreign exchange market environment, structured scorecard to assess the state of the foreign exchange market, indicated the sources of information for the statistical analysis of the foreign exchange market environment in various areas. In the process of writing the article, the authors also used relevant materials on the topic of the research developed and published by the authorized organizations, including the international ones. In the study of the currency market and its situation in various areas the authors identified its importance for the financial stability of the national economy, the relationship with other segments of the fi nancial market, and the impact on macroeconomic indicators of economic development. Special attention was paid to the system of indicators to characterize the currency market environment, which is the methodological basis of the study and analysis of phenomena and processes occurring in the foreign exchange market. The authors compiled and structured a system of statistical indicators for the analysis of the status and development of the currency market in various areas in accordance with the available sources of information. This article discusses the issues related to deriving statistical data about the currency market from offi cial and alternative sources, the assessment of the completeness and reliability of statistical information was conducted, directions to improve statistical monitoring of the foreign exchange segment of the fi nancial market were determined. In the article, considerable attention is paid to the methodology of calculating separate indicators, including derivatives, in accordance with national and international statistical standards. In the study the authors came to the conclusion that currently, primary foreign exchange statistical information is suffi cient for calculating the recommended indicators characterizing the foreign exchange market environment, including supply and demand, and their correlation. In addition, the Bank of Russia has enough statistics to study the current situation with the sources of currency supply and demand in a relatively longer term. The indicators of the currencies turnover, its detailed structure, currency exchange rates, their fluctuations, and the business activity indicators are calculated fully or have the necessary reliable information for their assessment.Авторы статьи предприняли попытку статистического исследования валютного рынка и его конъюнктуры, определили теоретические основы его изучения и аспекты практического применения полученных результатов. Для достижения поставленной цели авторы определили предмет статистического изучения конъюнктуры валютного рынка, структурировали систему показателей для оценки состояния валютного рынка, обозначили источники информации для проведения статистического анализа конъюнктуры валютного рынка по различным направлениям. В процессе работы над статьей авторы широко применяли актуальные материалы по теме исследования, которые разрабатывают и публикуют уполномоченные организации, в том числе международные. В рамках изучения валютного рынка и его конъюнктуры по различным направлениям авторы определили его значение для финансовой стабильности национальной экономики, связь с другими сегментами финансового рынка, влияние на макроэкономические индикаторы развития экономики. Особое внимание было уделено системе показателей для характеристики конъюнктуры валютного рынка, являющейся методологической основой исследования и анализа явлений и процессов, происходящих на валютном рынке. Авторы обобщили и структурировали систему статистических показателей для анализа состояния и развития валютного рынка по различным направлениям в соответствии с имеющимися источниками информации. В статье подробно рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с получением статистических данных о валютном рынке из официальных и альтернативных источников, проведена оценка полноты и достоверности статистической информации, определены направления совершенствования статистического наблюдения за валютным сегментом финансового рынка. В статье значительное внимание уделено методологии расчета отдельных показателей, в том числе производных, в соответствии с национальными и международными статистическими стандартами. В результате проведенного исследования авторы пришли к выводу, что в настоящее время для расчета рекомендуемых показателей, характеризующих конъюнктуру валютного рынка, в том числе спроса и предложения, их соотношения, достаточно имеющейся первичной биржевой статистической информации. Кроме того, в распоряжении Банка России достаточно статистики для исследования складывающейся ситуации с источниками предложения и спроса валюты в относительно более долгосрочной перспективе. Показатели же оборота валют, его детальной структуры, валютных котировок, их колебаний, а также показатели деловой активности рассчитаны полно или есть необходимая достоверная информация для их оценки

Does Smoking Status Influence Health-Related Quality of Life Outcome Measures in Patients Undergoing ACDF?

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study. OBJECTIVE: Whereas smoking has been shown to affect the fusion rates for patients undergoing an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), the relationship between smoking and health-related quality of life outcome measurements after an ACDF is less clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether smoking negatively affects patient outcomes after an ACDF for cervical degenerative pathology. METHODS: Patients with tumor, trauma, infection, and previous cervical spine surgery and those with less than a year of follow-up were excluded. Smoking status was assessed by self-reported smoking history. Patient outcomes, including Neck Disability Index, Short Form 12 Mental Component Score, Short Form 12 Physical Component Score (PCS-12), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) arm pain, VAS neck pain, and pseudarthrosis rates were evaluated. Outcomes were compared between smoking groups using multiple linear and logistic regression, controlling for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), among other factors. A P value \u3c.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 264 patients were included, with a mean follow-up of 19.8 months, age of 53.1 years, and BMI of 29.6 kg/m2. There were 43 current, 69 former, and 152 nonsmokers in the cohort. At baseline, nonsmokers had higher PCS-12 scores than current smokers (P = .010), lower VAS neck pain than current (P = .035) and former (P = .014) smokers, as well as lower VAS arm pain than former smokers (P = .006). Postoperatively, nonsmokers had higher PCS-12 scores than both current (P = .030) and former smokers (P = .035). Smoking status was not a significant predictor of change in patient outcome in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas nonsmokers had higher function and lower pain than former or current smokers preoperatively, smoking status overall was not found to be an independent predictor of outcome scores after ACDF. This supports the notion that smoking status alone should not deter patients from undergoing ACDF for cervical degenerative pathology

Statistical study of the foreign exchange market environment

The authors attempted to conduct a statistical study of foreign exchange market and its environment, determined the theoretical basis of the study and aspects of practical application of the obtained results. To achieve this goal, the authors defined the subject of the statistical study of the foreign exchange market environment, structured scorecard to assess the state of the foreign exchange market, indicated the sources of information for the statistical analysis of the foreign exchange market environment in various areas. In the process of writing the article, the authors also used relevant materials on the topic of the research developed and published by the authorized organizations, including the international ones. In the study of the currency market and its situation in various areas the authors identified its importance for the financial stability of the national economy, the relationship with other segments of the fi nancial market, and the impact on macroeconomic indicators of economic development. Special attention was paid to the system of indicators to characterize the currency market environment, which is the methodological basis of the study and analysis of phenomena and processes occurring in the foreign exchange market. The authors compiled and structured a system of statistical indicators for the analysis of the status and development of the currency market in various areas in accordance with the available sources of information. This article discusses the issues related to deriving statistical data about the currency market from offi cial and alternative sources, the assessment of the completeness and reliability of statistical information was conducted, directions to improve statistical monitoring of the foreign exchange segment of the fi nancial market were determined. In the article, considerable attention is paid to the methodology of calculating separate indicators, including derivatives, in accordance with national and international statistical standards. In the study the authors came to the conclusion that currently, primary foreign exchange statistical information is suffi cient for calculating the recommended indicators characterizing the foreign exchange market environment, including supply and demand, and their correlation. In addition, the Bank of Russia has enough statistics to study the current situation with the sources of currency supply and demand in a relatively longer term. The indicators of the currencies turnover, its detailed structure, currency exchange rates, their fluctuations, and the business activity indicators are calculated fully or have the necessary reliable information for their assessment