Modelling variability of solar activity cycles

Context. Solar activity cycles vary in amplitude and duration. The variations can be at least partly explained by fluctuations in dynamo parameters. Aims. We want to restrict uncertainty in fluctuating dynamo parameters and find out which properties of the fluctuations control the amplitudes of the magnetic field and energy in variable dynamo cycles. Methods. A flux-transport model for the solar dynamo with fluctuations of the Babcock-Leighton type $\alpha$-effect was applied to generate statistics of magnetic cycles for our purposes. The statistics were compared with data on solar cycle periods to restrict the correlation time of dynamo fluctuations. Results. A characteristic time of fluctuations in the $\alpha$-effect is estimated to be close to the solar rotation period. The fluctuations produce asymmetry between the times of rise and descent of dynamo cycles, the rise time being on average shorter. The affect of the fluctuations on cycle amplitudes depends on the phase of the cycle in which the fluctuations occur. Negative fluctuations (decrease in $\alpha$) in the rise phase delay decay of poloidal field and increase the cycle amplitude in toroidal field and magnetic energy. Negative fluctuation in the decline phase reduces the polar field at the end of a cycle and the amplitude of the next cycle. The low amplitude of the 24th solar cycle compared to the preceding 23rd cycle can be explained by this effect. Positive fluctuations in the descent phase enhance the magnetic energy of the next cycle by increasing the seed poloidal field for the next cycle. The statistics of the computed energies of the cycles suggest that superflares of $\ge 10^{34}$ erg are not possible on the Sun.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures, A&A (accepted

CYBERCRIME IN RUSSIA: CURRENT CHALLENGES AND GOOD PRACTICES IN COMBATING CYBERCRIME

Globalization and the rapid development of computer and IT technologies have led to the emergence of a new type of offence — cybercrime. This concept has not yet been legislated, and there is a problem of classification of crimes committed in cyberspace. The authors offer an analysis of current state of cybercrime in Russia for the last 10 years. An overview of modern countermeasures of cybercrime in Russia and abroad is presented. Some recommendations for ensuring corporate cyber security and promising areas of research are outlined

Расчет допустимых отклонений между данными маммографии и ультразвукового исследования при определении локализации непальпируемых образований молочных желез с помощью программы для ЭВМ Mammography Sono Analyzer

Objective: standard deviation calculation in determining non-palpable breast masses localization: mammography and sonography data for a more accurate pre-surgical diagnostics and labeling.Materials and methods. We have applied the Mammography Sono Analyzer (MSA) software for studying 52 women 37 to 76 years old with non-palpable breast masses for comparing the focal mass localization based on mammography and sonography data. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the breast size: small (S), medium (M) and large (L). Results. Standard deviation between mammography and sonography data gas been obtained: S – 1,0 cm maximum, M – 2,0 cm maximum, L – less than 2,5 cm.Conclusions. The MSA software allows to determine the standard deviations of non-palpable breast masses localization for breast of different size taking into consideration the mammography and sonography data.Цель исследования: расчет допустимых отклонений при определении локализации непальпируемых очаговых образований молочных желез, полученных двумя разными методами: маммографии (ММГ) и УЗИ, для более точной предоперационной диагностики и маркировки.Материал и методы. С помощью программы Mammo graphy Sono Analyzer (MSA) нами было обследовано 52 женщины в возрасте от 37 до 76 лет с непальпируемыми образованиями молочных желез для сопоставления данных локализации очаговых образований, полученных при ММГ и УЗИ молочных желез. При исследовании пациенты были разделены на 3 группы в зависимости от размеров молочных желез: маленькие (“S” – от англ. small), средние (“M” – от англ. medium) и большие (“L” – от англ. large).Результаты. Были получены данные допустимых отклонений по локализации между ММГ и УЗИ: для размера S – не превышающие 1,0 см, для размера M – не превышающие 2,0 см, для размера L – не более 2,5 см. Заключение. При получении различия в данных при ММГ и УЗИ с помощью программы MSA можно определить допустимость отклонений по локализации непальпируемых очаговых образований для различных размеров молочных желез

Genomics and proteomics of the liver fluke <em>Opisthorchis felineus</em>

The causative agent of opisthorchiasis, the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) is one of the helminths of humans and animals in Russia. Together with closely related species of trematodes O. viverrini (Poirier, 1886) and Clonorchis sinensis (Loos, 1907), O. felineus is a part of a triad of epidemiologically important trematodes in the family Opisthorchiidae. Adult O. felineus worms infest the hepatobiliary system of warm-blooded animals and might provoke the development of severe pathologies, including malignancy of bile duct epithelium. The high medical importance of O. felineus attracts the attention of researchers. This review briefly summarizes the data about O. felineus genomics and proteomics. The review provides a comparative analysis of the number of genes and sizes of nuclear genomes of a number of flatworms, the distribution of intron lengths, as well as results of synteny between the O. felineus, O. viverrini and C. sinensis genomes. Special attention is paid to a particular form of RNA processing known as trans-splicing, widely presented in the opisthorchiid genomes. We also provide the results of a comparative analysis of the xenobiotic metabolizing system between parasitic and free-living flatworms. Moreover, data on parasitic granulins, which are potential promoters of cholangiocyte neoplasia, are also presented. Data on the O. felineus genomics and proteomics provide first insights into the structural and functional organization of the genome of this parasitic flatworm with a complex life cycle as well as provide a significant contribution to our understanding of “host-parasite” interaction and evolution of this group of parasitic flatworms