3,310 research outputs found
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Culture moderates biases in search decisions
Prior studies suggest that people often search insufficiently in sequential-search tasks compared with the predictions of benchmark optimal strategies that maximize expected payoff. However, those studies were mostly conducted in individualist Western cultures; Easterners from collectivist cultures, with their higher susceptibility to escalation of commitment induced by sunk search costs, could exhibit a reversal of this undersearch bias by searching more than optimally, but only when search costs are high. We tested our theory in four experiments. In our pilot experiment, participants generally undersearched when search cost was low, but only Eastern participants oversearched when search cost was high. In Experiments 1 and 2, we obtained evidence for our hypothesized effects via a cultural-priming manipulation on bicultural participants in which we manipulated the language used in the program interface. We obtained further process evidence for our theory in Experiment 3, in which we made sunk costs nonsalient in the search task—as expected, cross-cultural effects were largely mitigated
Modified-gravity wormholes without exotic matter
A fundamental ingredient in wormhole physics is the flaring-out condition at
the throat which, in classical general relativity, entails the violation of the
null energy condition. In this work, we present the most general conditions in
the context of modified gravity, in which the matter threading the wormhole
throat satisfies all of the energy conditions, and it is the higher order
curvature terms, which may be interpreted as a gravitational fluid, that
support these nonstandard wormhole geometries. Thus, we explicitly show that
wormhole geometries can be theoretically constructed without the presence of
exotic matter, but are sustained in the context of modified gravity.Comment: 4 pages. V2: Slight change in title, discussion on the stability and
references added; version to appear in PRD. V3: reference adde
Feasibility of T1rho MR imaging in identification of the epileptogenic zone in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Poster PresentationPURPOSE: T1rho is sensitive to physiochemical exchange and early molecular changes. We aim to investigate the feasibility and utility of T1rho MR imaging in identification of epileptogenic zone in patient with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). METHODS: 7 patients (male 28.6%, female 71.4%; mean age of 36.29±8.77 yrs) with estab…published_or_final_versio
Viscous Bianchi type I universes in brane cosmology
We consider the dynamics of a viscous cosmological fluid in the generalized
Randall-Sundrum model for an anisotropic, Bianchi type I brane. To describe the
dissipative effects we use the Israel-Hiscock-Stewart full causal thermodynamic
theory. By assuming that the matter on the brane obeys a linear barotropic
equation of state, and the bulk viscous pressure has a power law dependence on
the energy density, the general solution of the field equations can be obtained
in an exact parametric form. The obtained solutions describe generally a
non-inflationary brane world. In the large time limit the brane Universe
isotropizes, ending in an isotropic and homogeneous state. The evolution of the
temperature and of the comoving entropy of the Universe is also considered, and
it is shown that due to the viscous dissipative processes a large amount of
entropy is created in the early stages of evolution of the brane world.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Class. Quantum Gra
Resource allocation decisions under imperfect evaluation and organizational dynamics
Research and development (R&D) projects face significant organizational challenges, especially when the different units who run these projects compete among each other for resources. In such cases, information sharing among the different units is critical, but it cannot be taken for granted. Instead, individual units need to be incentivized to not only exert effort in evaluating their projects, but also to truthfully reveal their findings. The former requires an emphasis on individual performance, whereas the latter relies on the existence of a common goal across the organization. Motivated by this commonly observed tension, we address the following question: How should a firm balance individual and shared incentives, so that vital information is both acquired, and equally importantly, disseminated to the entire organization? Our model captures two key characteristics of R&D experimentation: information is imperfect and it is also costly. Our analysis yields several important implications for the design of such incentive schemes and the management of R&D portfolios
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The premium as informational cue in insurance decision-making
Often in insurance decision making, there are risk factors on which the insurer has an informational advantage over the consumer. But when the insurer sets and posts a premium for the consumer to consider, the consumer can potentially use the premium as an informational cue for the loss probability, and thereby to reduce the insurer’s informational advantage. We study, by means of a behavioral model, how consumers would use the premium as an informational cue in such contexts. The belief formation process in our model assumes that both prior knowledge and the premium (as a proportion of the compensation) might have an impact on the consumer’s estimate of the loss probability. Moreover, the premium impacts the estimate through an anchoring-and-adjustment process. The model potentially leads to violations of rational expectations, with which the consumer overestimates the loss probability beyond what could be inferred from the premium, given the premise that the insurer must seek to break even or earn an expected profit. Our model analysis moreover implies that the frequency of such violations is non-increasing as the premium increases. Lastly, the model implies a generally inverted-U relationship between insurance demand and the premium, so that the demand is upward sloping at low premium levels and downward sloping at high premium levels. A pilot field study and a laboratory experiment provide robust evidence for our model implications and calibrations for its parameters
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