Initiated Low-Temperature Cracking of Ozonizated Petroleum and Heavy Petroleum Ends

New way to produce greater amounts of distillate motor fuels from crude petroleums, petroleum residues and natural bitumens by an ozonization of raw material followed with thermal treatment of the product formed under the conditions similar to ones characteristic of common petroleum atmospheric rectification process is proposed. About half of heavy petroleum components boiling above 350 °C can be converted into light hydrocarbons constituting the gasoline and diesel fractions and total yield of the lasts can be accordingly increased by means of described new method of oil processing. Ultimate products contain up to 16 wt.% olefins and lesser amounts of sulfur compounds and have noticeably improved principal operational properties in comparison with analogues straight-run motor petroleum distillates

The Novelties Producing by Ozonolysis of Petroleum High-Molecular Components

Specific properties of ozonolysis products of high-molecular heteroatomic compounds (resins and asphaltenes) from crude petroleums and natural bitumens are described. It is shown that polyfunctional carboxylic acids or their salts obtaining by alkaline hydrolysis of ozonization products of heavy petroleum stocks permits to produce manifold useful novelties such as high-effective demulsifiers for petroleum dehydration process instead of expensive synthetic demulsifying reagents; water-soluble organic astringents suitable for chemical land-reclamation or to prepare moulding mixtures at the foundries; oily or emulsion lubricating coolants for metal-working tools; stimulators of soil microorganisms activity and plant growth. The new chemical products of petroleum origin are not inferior to the best synthetic reagents for the same destinations but differ from the lasts advantageously on account of the simplicity of their production technology and low cost. The optimal expenses and other principal technological parameters were established both for raw material ozonization, following alkaline treatment and final product isolation stages of the production process for each new reagent described. By means of numerous laboratory experiments and field tests performed with seeds, bulbs and grafts of different agricultural plants and with ozonolysis products produced from the resinous components of different crude petroleums it was proved that high biological activity is characteristic only of the substances obtained from high-molecular compounds from low-sulfur naphthenic crude petroleums and natural bitumens occurring, as a rule, at small burial depths. These ozonolysis products are very effective stimulants for the different plants growth, suitable for a treatment of different forms of planting materials and providing significant acceleration of early growth stages, the reduction of vegetation and ripening periods, and the increase of total productivity of agricultural plants

The Composition and properties of Straight-Run and Mechanoactivated 360-400 °C Distillate from Yakut Petroleum

The group hydrocarbon composition of 360-400 °C straight-run distillate of the petroleum from Talakanskoye oil-field (Yakutia − Republic of Saha) has been studied in detail using clathrate formation, liquid adsorption chromatography, thermodiffusion methods and mass spectrometric analysis of obtained thermodiffusion fractions. The fundamental physical constants of all isolated narrow hydrocarbon fractions were measured. The regularities of thermodiffusion separation of saturated hydrocarbons having different amounts of rings in molecules as well as the relations between properties and composition of the concentrates obtained were traced. It is established that a mechanoactivation of petroleum distillate leads to a change of its hydrocarbon composition, first of all to a decrease of its paraffin content, as well as to respective changes of its physicalchemical characteristics (to a decrease in pour point and an increase in density and viscosity values)

Mechanically Activated Chemical Conversion of Gaseous Hydrocarbons

Propane-butane gaseous mixtures were subjected to mechanical treatment in centrifugal ball mill in the absence or presence of some mineral particles. It was found that the composition of gas mixture was changed significantly depending on duration of the mechanical coercion and solid or porous nature of mineral additives. The mechanical treatment of light hydrocarbons in the presence of quartz particles at the temperatures not exceeding 100 °C resulted at long last in complete conversion of initial organic compounds to methane, hydrogen and small amounts of carbon. The same alterations of gas composition were lesser profound when the mechanical treatment was carried out in the absence of minerals or in the presence of porous silica gel or aluminum oxide. It have been shown that direct transformation of mechanic energy to intramolecular energy of hydrocarbons is more responsible for their destruction during the process considered rather than catalytic properties of the minerals. The removal of heavier hydrocarbons from natural or casing-head petroleum gas by means of MA treatment permits to facilitate further gas transportation and to improve essentially its heat-physical properties, namely, to decrease gas average molecular mass and specific gravity and to increase its caloricity and Wobbe number' values

Chemistry for Sustainable Development 15 (2007) 489-494 Functional Group Composition of Ingredients of Mongolia Oils

Abstract Results of complex research of sweet, tarry, high-wax oils that occur in lower Cretaceous horizons at Zuunbayan, Tsagan-Els, and Tamsagbulag fields (Mongolia) are presented. With the use of results of physicochemical and radiospectrometric analysis, average values of structural parameters have been calculated for hydrocarbons and high molecular weight hetero-organic compounds inherent in oils

The influence of conditions of oil shale preliminary mechanical activation on yield and composition of the products at thermolysis in water medium

The paper introduces the data on the yield and composition of products of thermal destruction of oil shale organic substances after their preliminary mechanical treatment. It was shown that shale preliminary mechanical treatment in tetraline and ethanol medium doubles pyro-bitumoid yield. Hydrogen predominates in gaseous products formed at shale mechanical treatment and thermolysis; resinous components predominate in liquid products. Hydrocarbons in bitumoids are mainly represented by n-paraffins with a number of hydrogen atoms 17-25. It was shown that preliminary mechanical activation of oil shale in decane and tetraline medium with further thermolysis in water environment provides the growth of yield of distillate fractions boiled out at 350 °С

High-Sulfurous Argentinian Asphaltites and Their Thermal Liquefaction Products

The results of profound chemical studies of asphaltites from the Rafaelita and Toribia fields (Mendosa and Neuquén provinces, Argentina) and prospects for their processing are presented. The composition and structural features of maltenic, asphaltene-carbenic and carboid components of these natural coal-like substances were investigated. Laboratory experiments on thermal liquefaction of asphaltites were performed, including: 1) destructive distillation (pyrolysis) at temperatures gradually rising up to 600°C; 2) thermal destruction under conditions of programmed temperature increase from 25 up to 350 or 450°C with a rate of 5°C/min and with simultaneous dilution of reaction products by straight-run diesel petroleum distillate; 3) thermal treatment of the studied sample under stationary conditions (at 350°C for one hour in water, tetraline or n-decane); and 4) thermal destruction of asphaltite samples under flow conditions (continuous ablution of reactor with water or decane, temperature rising from 25 up to 500°C, with periodical sampling at different temperature levels). The largest yields of liquid fuels were obtained when the thermal destruction process was performed in hydrocarbon medium at temperatures not lower than 400-450°C, with continuous removal of products from the reaction zone. The yield of desirable hydrocarbon products reached 25 wt.% of asphaltite organic mass, when decane served as reaction medium, and could be increased up to 70 wt.% by substituting this solvent with real petroleum (diesel) distillate

Principal Regularities in Compositions and Structures of High-Molecular Compounds from Crude Oils and Natural Bitumens

Experimental data on structural group composition and macro-structural characteristics of hydrocarbons and petroleum high-molecular compounds (PHMC) – resins and asphaltenes – from more than 150 samples of crude oil samples extracted on the oil-fields of Pannonian (Serbia), Volgo-Ural, South-Caspian, West-Kazakhstanian, West-Siberian, and several Eastand Southeast Asian oil-bearing basins are summarized. It was shown that the number of carbon atoms in the highest n-alkane molecules reaches up to 70-71 in Cenozoic, but only 35-40 in Jurassic and Paleozoic oils. Petroleum hybrid naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds with up to six rings to 24 C-atoms in alkyl fragments of molecules. Resin molecules contain, on a mass weighted average, 1-3 structural blocks each consisting of 0-3 aromatic and 0-5 naphthenic rings in such combinations that the total number of cycles in each block does not exceed 5-6. The weight of average molecular masses of resins does not exceed 1000-1500 g/mole. Asphaltenes differ from resins from the same source by larger average numbers of structural blocks in molecules (up to 5), by the predominantly tri- and/or tetracycloaromatic nature of these blocks, by lesser substitution factors of aromatic nuclei and lesser proportions of C-atoms in saturated fragments. The weight of average masses of asphaltene molecules measured by cryoscopy in naphthalene does not exceed 2500 g/mole. Owing to strong intermolecular interactions, PHMC molecules form various associated structures and poly-molecular particles, including quasicrystalline “batches” and multi-batch aggregates, especially in asphaltenes. Through spontaneous decay and formation of such particles the oils have the character of dynamically equilibrium poly-disperse systems. Compositional and structural variations of PHMC were studied depending on the depths at which they occurred, age and lithological composition of oil-bearing sediments. Although thermal histories are not considered here, clear regularities are established. PHMC, consisting of chemically labile hetero-organic substances, under any bedded conditions are subjected to compositional and structural transformations which are more rapid and substantial as compared with petroleum hydrocarbons