Технологическое и аппаратурное оформление ферментационного узла процесса получения биопротеина из природного газа

Objectives. To conduct a comparative analysis of the features of a fermentation unit design for obtaining bioprotein from natural gas and determine the main technical and structural solutions used in the development of fermentation apparatus, which vary according to the method of organizing hydraulic and mass transfer processes.Results. An analysis of publications devoted to the problem of developing technological equipment for conducting the process of obtaining a bioprotein from natural gas is presented. Using the comparative analysis, the key features of bioreactors and their internal elements are indicated according to the method of organizing the hydrodynamic regime. The main approaches to the technological development of fermentation units for obtaining bioprotein from natural gas are described and technical solutions used in the implementation of these structures are identified.Conclusions. Fermenter designs for the cultivation of methane-oxidizing microorganisms vary according to the main approaches for implementing the hydraulic regime inside the apparatus. While one class of fermentation systems is based on the principle of volumetric mixing in the working space of the apparatus, with the possibility of including external circulation circuits, additional tanks, and auxiliary bioreactors in the system, the other main class relies on the principle of flow (displacement) in the tube space with subsequent release of the gas phase from the circulating culture liquid.Цели. Провести сравнительный анализ особенностей аппаратурного оформления ферментационного узла процесса получения биопротеина из природного газа. Определить основные технические и конструкционные решения, применяемые при разработке ферментационных аппаратов, различающиеся по способу организации гидравлических и массообменных процессов.Результаты. Проведен анализ литературы, посвященной проблеме разработки технологической аппаратуры для получения биопротеина из природного газа. С использованием метода сравнительного анализа были выявлены ключевые особенности конструкций биореакторов и их внутренних элементов, отличающихся способом организации гидродинамического режима в аппаратах. Описаны различные подходы к разработке оборудования для ферментационного узла процесса получения биопротеина, а также определены основные технические решения, используемые при создании данных конструкций.Выводы. Установлено, что большинство конструкций ферментационных аппаратов, предназначенных для культивирования метанокисляющих микроорганизмов, базируется на реализации гидравлического режима внутри аппарата. Часть ферментационных систем построена на принципе объемного перемешивания в рабочем пространстве аппарата с возможным включением в систему внешних циркуляционных контуров, дополнительных емкостей и вспомогательных биореакторов, другая часть использует принцип движения потока (вытеснения) в трубном пространстве, с последующим выделением газовой фазы из рециркулирующей культуральной жидкости

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICACY OF FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS OF AMLODIPINE/LISINOPRIL AND BISOPROLOL/HYDROCHLORTHIAZIDE IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION COMBINED WITH OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT

Aim. To study the characteristics of the daily profile of blood pressure (BP) and heart damage in patients with essential hypertension (HT), depending on the presence of obesity as well as the antihypertensive and organoprotective effects of fixed-dose combinations of amlodipine/lisinopril and bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients with obesity or overweight.Material and methods. 60 patients with untreated HT, stage II, degree 1-2 (51.7% of men, aged 53.6±0.8 years) were examined. 24-hour BP monitoring and transthoracic echocardiography with calculation of myocardial stiffness parameters were performed in all patients. Hypertensive patients with obesity and overweight were randomized into groups treated with fixed-dose combinations amlodipine/lisinopril (n=25) or bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide (n=30). Doses of drugs were titrated until the target BP was achieved. The follow-up was 12 weeks.Results. Patients with HT and obesity (n=28) compared with hypertensive patients without obesity (n=32) had greater systolic BP (SBP) variability at night (p<0.05) and a morning surge in SBP (p<0.01), end systolic volume (p<0.05), systolic volume (p<0.01),right ventricle anterior-posterior dimension (p<0.001), right atrium volume (p<0.01), the thickness of the interventricular septum (p<0.01) and the posterior wall (p<0.001) of the left ventricle (LV), significantly lower LV global longitudinal systolic 2D-strain (p<0.001), coefficient of diastolic and end-systolic LV elastance (p<0.05 for both). At the end of the follow-up period patients in the amlodipine/lisinopril group compared to patients in the bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide group had a greater decrease in the mean daily pulse BP (-10.8 vs -5.4 mm Hg, respectively; p<0.05) and variability of SBP in daytime (-2.8±0.8 vs -0.9±0.3 mm Hg, respectively; p<0.05). Only patients in the amlodipine/lisinopril group had a significant decrease in the variability of SBP (from 12.2±0.8 to 10.9±0.5 mm Hg; p<0.05) and diastolic BP (from 9.3±0.5 to 8.4±0.4 mm Hg; p<0.001) at night. Patients in the amlodipine/lisinopril group compared to patients in the bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide group had a greater increase in the left atrium strain (p<0.01), 2D-strain of LV and a greater decrease in the LV end diastolic stiffness (-21.39±2.45 vs -3.54±1.57 mm Hg/ml, respectively; p<0.001), the LV end systolic elastance (-16.15±2.14 vs -12.85±1.37 mm Hg/ml, respectively; p<0.05), and LV myocardial mass index (-13.2±0.9 vs -8.4±0.7 g/m2, respectively; p<0.01), the thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the LV.Conclusion. Untreated hypertensive obese patients in comparison with hypertensive patients without obesity have higher BP level variability during the night and early morning SBP surge, greater sizes of the heart chambers and LV myocardial wall thickness, higher LV myocardium stiffness. In obese or overweight patients with HT, a fixed-dose combination of amlodipine/lisinopril, compared with the fixed-dose combination of bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide, resulted in a more significant decrease in pulse BP and variability of systolic and diastolic BP at night, contributed to a more pronounced improvement in the elastic properties of the left atrium and LV myocardium and decrease in LV hypertrophy

MRI picture defeat of brain in patients with chronic heart failure

MRI and cognition in 40 patients with chronic heart failure and dyscirculatory encephalopathy was studied. Majority of persons have mild cognitive impairment and some of the patients have dementia. In vascular encephalopathy, the severity of cognitive disorders is related to the extent and regional distribution of leukoaraiosis (in the frontal lobe and perivenricular particular). In patients with heart failure is associated with lower left ventricular ejection fraction and white-matter lesions.Проведено MPT головного мозга и исследование когнитивных функций у 40 пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и дисциркуляторной энцефалопатией. Когнитивные нарушения были выявлены у значительной части пациентов и варьировали от умеренных до деменции. Когнитивные нарушения при сосудистой энцефалопатии зависели от распространенности и регионального распределения лейкоареоза (в большей степени от субкортикального, перивентрикулярного лейкоареоза). Выраженность изменений белого вещества при сердечной недостаточности коррелировала со снижением фракции выброса левого желудочка

Study of the KMgF3 scintillator radiation damage

Radiation damages of the KMgF3 scintillator have been studied under irradiation with γ-rays. The KMgF3 scintillator radiation resistance is found to be equal to 100 krad. The Na+ impurity is supposed to be responsible for the KMgF3 radiation damage. © 1992

Statin-Induced Myopathy

Scientific relevance. Being the main class of medicinal products for dyslipidaemia treatment, statins are widely used in clinical practice in various patient populations. However, statins can cause statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), which are the most frequent and, in some cases, even life-threatening adverse reactions associated with these medicinal products.Aim. The study aimed to perform a systematic review of the epidemiology, classification, and physiological pathogenesis of SAMS, risk factors for this complication, and clinical guidelines for primary care physicians regarding the identification and treatment of patients with SAMS.Discussion. SAMS is an umbrella term that covers various forms of myopathies associated with satin therapy. According to the published literature, the prevalence of SAMS varies considerably and may depend on the study design, inclusion criteria, and the medicinal product used. SAMS has multiple putative pathogenic pathways that include genetically determined processes, abnormalities in mitochondrial function, defects in intracellular signalling and metabolic pathways, and immune-mediated reactions. The main known risk factors for developing SAMS include high-dose statins, drug–drug interactions, genetic polymorphisms, female sex, older age, Asian race, history of kidney, liver, and muscle disease, and strenuous physical activity. Given the lack of universally recognised algorithms for diagnosing SAMS, clinicians should consider the clinical presentation and the temporal relationship between statin therapy and symptoms. Other factors to consider include changes in muscle-specific enzyme levels and, in some cases, the results of blood tests for antibodies to 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase.Conclusions. To ensure the safety of statin therapy, it is essential to raise clinicians’ awareness of the risk factors for SAMS, indicative clinical and laboratory findings, and the need for dynamic patient monitoring, including the involvement of clinical pharmacologists

Hypoglycemia and the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly and senile patients with type 2 diabetes

Research results show that poor glycemic control and recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycaemia are associated with a decrease in cognitive function in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). On the other hand, patients with diabetes mellitus associated with cognitive impairment/dementia are most at risk of developing hypoglycaemic conditions. It is obvious that the relationship between hypoglycaemia and dementia is very complex and has a mutually aggravating nature. Studies also show that individuals of older age groups with diabetes and cognitive impairment have a high risk of developing hypoglycaemic conditions, such as unwanted side effects from glucose-lowering therapy. In this case, of particular interest is the question that is being actively studied at the present time, which is concerning the effect of different groups of glucose-lowering antidiabetic drugs on the cognitive status and the rate of cognitive decline in diabetic patients with cognitive impairment. In this review, we attempted to summarise, systematise, and present data available in the literature concerning the effect of hypoglycaemia on the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly and senile patients with type-2 diabetes, as well as the degree of participation in this process of of various groups of sugar-lowering antidiabetic drugs

Магнитно-резонансная томография конского хвоста при хронической воспалительной демиелинизирующей полинейропатии

Background. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a treatable disimmune neuropathy, which accurate diagnostics and treatment are essential to improve a long-lasting  prognosis and prevent invalidization. In atypical cases and  differential diagnosis extra investigations are needed, including neuroimaging.Objective. Evaluating the diagnostic role of the cauda equina magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in CIDP.Materials and methods. 8 patients with CIDP according to European Federation of Neurological Societies and Peripheral Nerve Society criteria were originally included in the main cohort: 6  patients with definitive CIDP, 1 patient – with possible CIDP; in 1  patient later mixed crioglobulinemia, associated with hepatitis C was  later diagnosed. MRI with contrast enhancement of the cauda equina was performed in all primary included patients in the main cohort  and in 8 controls with metabolic polyneuropathy. In 12 months MRI was repeated in the main cohort patients.Results. The enlargement of the nerve roots of the cauda equina and nodular hypertrophy was demonstrated in all CIDP patients, and in none of the control subjects. The extensiveness of qualitative  changes correlated with disease duration. All CIDP patients with root hypertrophy had gadolinium enhancement and its severity did not  correlate with disease activity. Contrast enhancement in roots of the  control group patients was explained by the medullary artery phenomenon.Conclusion. MRI of the cauda equina with contrast improves the diagnostic of CIDP, but does not depict the activity of the disease. MRI in CIDP is a promissing technique, requiring further investigation and standardization.Введение. Хроническая воспалительная демиелинизирующая полинейропатия (ХВДП) является курабельным аутоиммунным заболеванием. Своевременная диагностика и лечение  позволяют улучшить долгосрочный прогноз, отсрочить инвалидизацию. В атипичных  случаях заболевания и при дифференциальной диагностике необходимо расширение объема исследований, включающих нейровизуализационные методы.Цель работы – оценка диагностической роли магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) конского хвоста при ХВДП.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 8 пациентов с первоначальным диагнозом ХВДП в соответствии с критериями Европейской федерации неврологических  сообществ и Сообщества периферической нервной системы: 6 больных соответствовали  достоверному диагнозу ХВДП, 1 пациентка – вероятной ХВДП и у 1 пациента в последующем была выявлена смешанная криоглобулинемия, связанная с гепатитом С. МРТ конского хвоста с контрастным усилением гадолинием выполнена всем первично включенным  больным основной группы и 8 пациентам с метаболическими полинейропатиями группы  контроля. Через 12 мес МРТ проведена повторно пациентам основной группы.Результаты. Утолщения корешков конского хвоста (протяженные или фокальные) выявлены в основной группе у 6 пациентов с достоверной ХВДП и у 1 пациентки с  вероятной ХВДП и ни в одном случае в группе контроля. Выраженность качественных  изменений соотносилась с длительностью болезни. Накопление контрастного вещества и признаки гипертрофии корешков обнаружены у всех пациентов основной группы, при этом  накопление гадолиния не отражало активность процесса. Контрастное усиление в области  конского хвоста, выявленное у пациентов группы контроля, было обусловлено контрастированием медуллярной артерии.Заключение. МРТ конского хвоста с контрастым усилением позволяет улучшить диагностику ХВДП, при этом магнитно-резонансная картина не отражает активность  болезни. МРТ при ХВДП является методом, заслуживающим дальнейшего изучения и стандартизации

Rapid ecological change in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal (East Siberia): Is the site of the world\u27s greatest freshwater biodiversity in danger?

Ecological degradation of the benthic littoral zone is an emerging, urgent problem at Lake Baikal (East Siberia), the most species-rich lake on Earth. Within the last five years, multiple changes have occurred in the nearshore benthos where most of the lake\u27s endemic species reside. These changes include proliferation of benthic algae, deaths of snails and endemic sponges, large coastal wash-ups of dead benthic algae and macrophytes, blooms of toxin-producing benthic cyanobacteria, and inputs of industrial contaminants into parts of the lake. Some changes, such as massive coastal accumulations of benthic algae, are currently shared with the Laurentian Great Lakes (LGLs); however, the drivers of these changes differ between Lake Baikal and the LGLs. Coastal eutrophication from inputs of untreated sewage is causing problems at multiple sites in Lake Baikal, whereas in the LGLs, invasive dreissenid mussels redirect pelagic nutrients to the littoral substrate. At other locations in Lake Baikal, ecological degradation may have different causes including water level fluctuations and the input of toxic industrial contaminants. Importantly, the recent deterioration of the benthic littoral zone in both Lake Baikal and the LGLs has occurred while little change has occurred offshore. This highlights the necessity of monitoring both the littoral and pelagic zones of large lakes for assessing ecosystem health, change and conservation