Epizootiological and Epidemiological Situation in Tularemia Natural Foci in the Territory of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation from 1992 to 2011

Outlined is a brief characteristics on epizootic and epidemic activity of tularemia natural foci in the territory of the Central Federal district of the Russian Federation over a period of 1992–2012. Implementation of GIS-technologies has made it possible to design retrospective map of the sites of the district population infectioning in 2005, and to distinguish the regions that are of a great epidemic significance

Zoning of the Smolensk Region by the Degree of Potential Epidemic Hazard of Natural Tularemia Foci

Objective of the study is to find areas characterized by different degree of potential epidemic hazard as regards tularemia in the territory of the Smolensk Region using GIS-technologies. Materials and methods. GIS-analysis of the archive data of the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Smolensk Region, obtained in the process of epizootiological and epidemiological monitoring (1941–2015) of enzootic as regards tularemia territories, as well as of Plague Control Center of the Rospotrebnadzor and literature sources was carried out. By means of Microsoft Excel created were the tables with the data on the sites of isolation (a total of 161) and residential areas (all in all 423), where patients with tularemia had been registered. Via Google Earth application, geographical coordinates of the base points (residential areas) were identified. Using GIS software package MapInfo Professional 10.5, a database was created, the layers on sites of human infections and agent isolation were obtained, and electronic map was generated. Results and discussion. Following GIS-analysis of epizootic and epidemic manifestations of natural tularemia foci in 1941–2015, differentiation of the areas by the degree of potential epidemic hazard was performed. It was established that the districts with high degree of potential epidemic hazard as regards tularemia and recurrence rate (more than 10–15 years) of its manifestations (culture isolation, human infection reports) occupy 30 % of the Smolensk Region. In addition, 42 areas of durable persistence (up to 60 years) of natural tularemia foci were spotted. The results revealed are the basis for the enhancement of epizootiological monitoring strategy and specifying the scope of prophylactic measures

Landscape-Epidemiological Zoning of the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea by Tularemia

Objective of the study was epizootic-epidemiological zoning of the area of Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea by manifestations of tularemia to determine the level of epidemic hazard of each zone.Materials and methods. Utilized were archival data of the Black Sea Plague Control station over the period of 1946–2017 and plague Control Center of the Rospotrebnadzor. With the help of GIS software packages, MapINFO 10.5 and ArcGIS 10.2, the data bases containing the point-like layers of the sites of infection with tularemia (49), isolation of tularemia agent (195), and the layer of landscape-geographical regions in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea were created.Results and discussion. Usage of the geo-information technologies allowed for detailed consideration of tularemia manifestations in different parts of the region. The prospects of applying Arc GIS and MapINFO for geoencoding, processing and creation of geo-information pool of tularemia manifestations over a long period was shown. Vector data of landscapes and sites of epidemics and epizootic manifestations of tularemia on different species of mammals and ticks were generated. The conversion of the database to Microsoft Excel made it possible to make full use of statistical capabilities for epidemiological analysis. The work on epidemiological zoning carried out in the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Adygea starkly illustrated the feasibility of using GIS technologies for those purposes. The results of the analysis allowed for optimization of the mode of epizootiological survey in different parts of the studied region. Advisability of epizootiological inspection and monitoring of the territories with identification of geographical coordinates for epizootic manifestation sites was proved

Situation on Rodents Abundance and Epidemiological Situation on Tularemia in the Territory of the Russian Federation in the Second Half of 2014, and Prognosis for 2015

Analyzed are the data on the state of the carrier populations (abundance rates, distribution by stations) across constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2014 as compared to the previous period. On the whole abundance of small mammals has not exceeded the long-term average annual values. For each of the 9 Federal Districts given has been an estimation of epizootic and epidemic activity in the natural tularemia foci in 2014. Outlined is a sharp decrease in tularemia morbidity in comparison to 2013. It is determined that within the past two decades there has occurred three major incidence outsurges in 1995, in 2005, and 2013, respectively. Based on the information obtained made has been the forecast for the development of epidemiological situation in natural tularemia foci of various types. Against the background of sharp decrease in the morbidity rates consequent upsurges are registered at certain intervals of several years, nevertheless current volatile state of ecosystems may draw a mixed response of parasitic systems

Experience in Building Infectious Hospital for Treatment of Particularly Dangerous Infectious Diseases in the Republic of Guinea

Ebola treatment hospital was constructed within the frames of the West Africa support infinitive of the Russian Federation, in cooperation with the United Company “RUSAL”. Permanent building with bed capacity rated 60 and strict separation of clean area from hazard zone set this medical facility apart from tent camps, which are used by international organizations. For the first time ever, in West Africa, deployed was a strategy of waste decontamination using caustic. It is of note that due to biological safety procedure compliance, no case of nosocomial infection was registered during the whole time of operation. Commissioning of this hospital is an effective mechanism for Ebola virus disease control

Epizootic Activity of Natural Plague Foci in the Russian Federation in 2013 and Prognosis for the Year of 2014

Analyzed are the data of the epizootiologic survey of plague enzootic territories in Russia in 2013. Evaluated are the numbers of major carriers and vectors as well as the epizootic activity of natural foci of different types. Analysis of preconditions for decrease of epizootic potential of plague natural foci of Caucasus, Altai and Tyva is carried out. Single findings of infected fleas are registered at the sites of steady focality in the territory of Pre-Caspian lowland. Forecast of epizootic situation for 2014 is presented. Marked is raising probability that Volga-Ural sandy and Central Caucasian high-mountain plague foci would get out of the inter-epizootic period state. Substantiated are the possibility of plague epizootics continuation and their intensity in Pre-Caspian sandy, Altai and Tyva mountain, and Eastern-Caucasus high-mountain plague natural foci

Epizootic Activity of Natural Plague Foci in the Russian Federation in 2012 and Prognosis for the Year of 2013

Integrated are the data on the number of major carriers and vectors as well as the epizootic activity of natural foci of plague of different types in the territory of Russia in 2012. Submitted is the short-term forecast of epizootic situation for 2013. Analyzed are the reasons of current low epizootic activity of plain natural foci of plague. The role of climatic factors in the development of long inter-epizootic periods in plague natural foci in the Pre-Caucasus, Pre-Caspian regions and Siberia is discussed. Assessed is the change of potential epidemiologic hazard of plague-enzootic territories under the current warming of climate. The long-term forecast of epizootic activity of natural plague foci for the period of up to 2020 is substantiated

Epizootic Activity of Natural Plague Foci in the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2014 and Prognosis for 2015

. Isolated were 128 plague agent strains: from rodents and lagomorphs - 24, 103 - from bloodsucking arthropods. One strain was obtained from a patient in the territory of Gorno-Altaisk high-mountain natural plague focus. Substantiated has been epizootiological prognosis claiming persistent challenging epidemiological situation in the foci. Outlined is the necessity to use epizootiological forecasting as the basis for scheduling and carrying out epidemiological monitoring and preventive measures in active natural plague foci. Due to the varying epidemiological significance of Y. pestis ssp. pestis , Y. pestis ssp. caucasica , and Y. pestis ssp. altaica strains the data on their spatial distribution should be deployed for differentiation of focal areas according to the degree of the potential epidemic hazard

Epizootic Activity of Natural Plague Foci of the Russian Federation in 2015, and Prognosis for 2016

Objective of the study is to evaluate the state of parasitic systems and activity of natural plague foci of the Russian Federation in 2015 and to develop epizootiological forecast for 2016. In 2015, plague epizooties were detected in the territory of Gorno-Altaisk high-mountain, Tuva mountain, and Pre-Caspian sandy natural plague foci with a total area amounting to 1573.4 square kilometers. Isolated were 46 strains of plague microbe, including the isolates from rodents and leporines - 18, and from fleas - 28. Substantiated is epizootiological prognosis for sustaining challenging epidemiological situation in Gorno-Altaisk high-mountain and Tuva mountain natural foci in 2016. Demonstrated is the fact that consequently to effective prompt prophylactic measures (field deratization, disinsection) in 2015 decreased epizootic activity of Pre-Caspian sandy focus is observed. Specified is retention of low numbers of carriers and vectors of plague in natural foci of North and North-Western Caspian Sea Region, Pre-Caucasian, Caucasian, and Transbaikal Territories. Identified is upward trend for numbers of the little souslik in Pre-Caspian North-Western steppe, Volga-Ural steppe, Dagestan lowland-piedmont, and Pre-Caspian sandy natural plague foci

Epizootic Activity of Natural Plague Foci in the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2011, and Prognosis for 2012

Carried out is the assessment of epizootic activity of natural plague foci in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the period of 2000-2010. It is specified that 38 plague microbe strains have been isolated in the territory of the Russian Federation, the total area of epizooties being 882,5 km2. Plague microbe strains are isolated in the territory of East-Caucasian high-mountain and Altai mountain natural foci. Identified are the reasons of low epizootic activity of plain and low-mountain natural plague foci in the Russian Federation. Outlined is the role of climatic factors in the development of current intense depression in numbers of carriers and vectors of plague. Put forward is the prognosis on the low epizootic activity of the natural plague foci in the Russian Federation in 2012. It is substantiated that the emergence of local epizooties in 2012 is to take place in the territory of Altai mountain, Tuvin mountain and East-Caucasian high-mountain natural plague foci