Additivity of Entangled Channel Capacity for Quantum Input States

An elementary introduction into algebraic approach to unified quantum information theory and operational approach to quantum entanglement as generalized encoding is given. After introducing compound quantum state and two types of informational divergences, namely, Araki-Umegaki (a-type) and of Belavkin-Staszewski (b-type) quantum relative entropic information, this paper treats two types of quantum mutual information via entanglement and defines two types of corresponding quantum channel capacities as the supremum via the generalized encodings. It proves the additivity property of quantum channel capacities via entanglement, which extends the earlier results of V. P. Belavkin to products of arbitrary quantum channels for quantum relative entropy of any type.Comment: 17 pages. See the related papers at http://www.maths.nott.ac.uk/personal/vpb/research/ent_com.htm

Identification of Candidate Millisecond Pulsars from Fermi LAT Observations II

Following our work presented in Dai et al. (2016), we report our detailed data analysis for another 38 Fermi gamma-ray un-associated sources. These sources are selected from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) third source catalog on the basis of the properties of known gamma-ray millisecond pulsars (MSPs) and for the purpose of finding likely candidate MSPs. From our analysis of the LAT data, we identify that among the 38 sources, 28 of them are single point-like sources with clean background and their spectra show significant curvature. We also conduct analysis of archival X-ray data available for 24 of the 28 sources. In the fields of 10 sources, there are at least one X-ray object, and in those of the other 14 sources, no X-ray object is detected but probably due to the X-ray observations being short. We discuss the possible MSP nature for these sources. Six of them(J0514.6-4406, J1035.7-6720, J1624.2-4041, J1744.1-7619, J1946.4-5403, and J2039.6-5618) are most likely associated with pulsars because of multi-wavelength identifications including direct radio or gamma-ray detection of pulsations. To firmly establish the associations or verify the MSP nature for other sources, deep X-ray and/or optical observations are needed.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure

Environment and Energy Injection Effects in GRB Afterglows

In a recent paper (Dai & Lu 1999), we have proposed a simple model in which the steepening in the light curve of the R-band afterglow of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) 990123 is caused by the adiabatic shock which has evolved from an ultrarelativistic phase to a nonrelativistic phase in a dense medium. We find that such a model is quite consistent with observations if the medium density is about $3\times 10^6 {\rm cm}^{-3}$. Here we discuss this model in more details. In particular, we investigate the effects of synchrotron self absorption and energy injection. A shock in a dense medium becomes nonrelativistic rapidly after a short relativistic phase. The afterglow from the shock at the nonrelativistic stage decays more rapidly than at the relativistic stage. Since some models for GRB energy sources predict that a strongly magnetic millisecond pulsar may be born during the formation of GRB, we discuss the effect of such a pulsar on the evolution of the nonrelativistic shock through magnetic dipole radiation. We find that after the energy which the shock obtains from the pulsar is much more than the initial energy of the shock, the afterglow decay will flatten significantly. When the pulsar energy input effect disappears, the decay will steepen again. These features are in excellent agreement with the afterglows of GRB 980519, GRB 990510 and GRB 980326. Furthermore, our model fits very well all the observational data of GRB 980519 including the last two detections.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX, accepted for publication in ApJ, one paragraph adde

Production of black holes and their angular momentum distribution in models with split fermions

In models with TeV-scale gravity it is expected that mini black holes will be produced in near-future accelerators. On the other hand, TeV-scale gravity is plagued with many problems like fast proton decay, unacceptably large neutron-antineutron oscillations, flavor changing neutral currents, large mixing between leptons, etc. Most of these problems can be solved if different fermions are localized at different points in the extra dimensions. We study the cross-section for the production of black holes and their angular momentum distribution in these models with "split" fermions. We find that, for a fixed value of the fundamental mass scale, the total production cross section is reduced compared with models where all the fermions are localized at the same point in the extra dimensions. Fermion splitting also implies that the bulk component of the black hole angular momentum must be taken into account in studies of the black hole decay via Hawking radiation.Comment: accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.