10 research outputs found
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ 400 Β°Π‘
Objectives. The reduction of the anthropogenic burden on the environment is generally associated with the transition to alternative energy sources. However, some of these have only regional significance, while the effectiveness of others remains doubtful. On this point, innovative processes aimed at increasing the depth of oil refining may be equally important for reducing the carbon footprint. Wave-based technologies such as cavitation may also be included in these processes. Among the various methods for inducing such cavitation phenomena in oil refining, hydrodynamic approaches are especially promising. It has been shown that the treatment effectiveness increases with greater pressure or when augmenting the number of cavitation processing cycles. The aim of this work is to identify the factor (i.e., pressure gradient or number of treatment cycles) having the greatest influence on the change of the characteristics of the oil product.Methods. Cavitation phenomena were created by pumping dark oil products through a diffuser. The pressure gradient ranged from 20 to 50 MPa, while the number of cavitation processing cycles varied from 1 to 10. The influence of cavitation conditions on the change of fractional composition of petroleum products was analyzed. Target fractions are those having a boiling point up to 400Β°C.Results. It is shown that increased pressure generated in the diffuser leads to a linear increase in the yield of desired cuts. The dependence of the yield of these fractions on the number of processing cycles is described by the growth model with saturation. A proposed equation describes the influence of pressure and number of cycles on the yield of the fractions from initial boiling point temperature (TIBP) to 400Β°C following cavitation processing of dark oil products. Some of the coefficients of this equation have been associated with the physicochemical characteristics of the feedstock.Conclusions. An equation for predicting the maximum possible yield of the TJBP-400Β°C fraction as a result of cavitation processing under different conditions of the process is proposed according to the physicochemical characteristics of the feedstock. The prediction error did not exceed 12%. The equation analysis and comparison of energy consumption between different process regimes shows that a higher yield of the target product is achieved by increasing pressure gradient rather than the number of processing cycles.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ - ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² - Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ - ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π―Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ 20 Π΄ΠΎ 50 ΠΠΠ°, Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ - ΠΎΡ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 10. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 400 Β°C.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π’ΠΠ) Π΄ΠΎ 400 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π’ΠΠ-400 Β°Π‘ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 12%. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²
Objectives. Recently, there has been a tendency to increase the volume of high-viscosity heavy oils in the total volume of oil produced. The processing of these oils requires new technological approaches. This task is closely related to the need to increase the depth of oil refining. Among the approaches proposed to solve these problems, mechanochemical activation, which is based on the cavitation effect produced by ultrasonic or hydrodynamic methods, has been suggested. This study evaluated the effects of cavitation in increasing the depth of oil refining.Methods. Straight-run and βsecondaryβ oil products were used as raw materials: vacuum gas oil, catalytic cracking gas oil, and fuel oil. Activation was carried out in a high-pressure disintegrator. The principle of operation was to compress the oil product and then pass it through a diffuser. When the oil was passed through the diffuser, there was a sharp pressure release to atmospheric pressure, which caused cavitation in the hydrodynamic flow. The pressure gradient on the diffuser and the number of processing cycles ranged from 20 to 50 MPa and 1 to 10, respectively. The density, refractive index, and the fractional composition of petroleum products were determined using standard and generally accepted methods.Results. This paper reports the influence of mechanochemical activation of petroleum products on their physical and chemical characteristics. An increase in the pressure gradient and the number of processing cycles leads to a decrease in the boiling point of the petroleum products and their density and an increase in the yield of fractions that boil off below 400 Β°C. The yield of the fractions with boiling points of 400β480 Β°C and the remainder were reduced. The density and refractive index of fractions with boiling points up to 480 Β°C decreased, and the density of the residue increased. The effects of cavitation (an increase in the yield of fractions with boiling points up to 400 Β°C and a decrease in the density of the petroleum products) increased with increasing pressure gradient and the number of processing cycles.Conclusions. The changes in the density, boiling point, and the yield of fractions increased with increasing the pressure from 20 to 50 MPa and the number of hydrodynamic cavitation cycles from 1 to 5. Increasing the number of processing cycles to more than five had little additional effect. The effects of cavitation increased with increasing initial density of the oil product. The average molecular weight of these fractions was estimated from the densities and boiling points of individual fractions of the petroleum products. The calculation confirmed the assumption regarding the course of cracking reactions of petroleum products under the influence of cavitation and indicates the course of the compaction processes.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Β«Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β» Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ: Π²Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ»Ρ, Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΌΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β«ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΒ» Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡ 20 Π΄ΠΎ 50 ΠΠΠ°, Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 10. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎ 400 Β°C. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 400β480 Β°C ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ 480 Β°C ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ 400 Β°C, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°) Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ 20 Π΄ΠΎ 50 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ 5 Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ