Factors to affect inbred beet plants while developing material for linear selection

Considering its capacities, the generative system of Beta vulgaris L. is regarded as highly productive. While inbreeding, the reproductive potential of cross-pollinated beet plants with gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) changes significantly and is determined by a joint effect of multiple factors including the level of inbred depression. In the present study, original data have been obtained revealing relationships between inbred beet seed productivity, its self-incompatibility and microgametophyte parameters, which is crucial for developing and maintaining constant fertile beet lines. It has been discovered that inbred depression increases the number of sterile microgametes and anomalous pollen grains, reduces pollen fertility and the length of pollen tubes. As a result, the seed yield in inbred beet progeny, including SI ones, reduces significantly just after the third inbreeding. At the same time, highly productive inbred beet is characterized by a lower rate of pollen tube growth in vitro. In inbred plants, there is no close relationship between pollen viability and seed productivity, because the elimination of germinated male gametes and degeneration of seed embryos may go over the entire period of fertilization starting its progamic phase. The SI plants have more degenerating embryos than self-fertile ones, but seed vessel outgrowth in the seeds with abortive embryos makes them morphologically similar to fertile seeds. For that reason, when assessing inbred beet plants based on their self-incompatibility/self-fertility, one should consider the qualitative characteristics of the seeds. Using the method of recurrent selection based on such factors as seed productivity, pollen tube length and field germination rate increase the output of plant forms with a potentially high self-compatibility in their progeny. To support such genotypes in the progeny, one has to, starting from the third inbreeding, perform sib crossing to reduce the negative effect of inbred depression and self-incompatibility

СОЗДАНИЕ СЕЛЕКЦИОННО ЦЕННЫХ БИОТИПОВ СВЁКЛЫ СТОЛОВОЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ КУЛЬТУРЫ ШТЕКЛИНГОВ

The long period of time needed for production of homozygous ms-and mf-lines in biennial crop is a problem in development of heterotic hybrids in red beet. The use of steckling culture and protected cultivation technology are the  suitable methods  to  speed  up  the  development  of breeding lines. However, the relationship between exhibition of CMS trait in seed plants and horticulturally valuable traits of steckling is very important aim of the study to be considered. The study was performed in 2012-2014. The red  beet  inbreeding  lines (I2-I5), obtained  through steckling culture in low-volume technology under protected cultivation condition were used as a plant material for the study. The generations that were obtained were from cultivar population ‘Nezhnost’ and a hybrid population of foreign origin. As a result, it was shown that one of criterions of indirect selection of ms-form in inbreeding generation may be the fast-maturity of stecklings that determined their yield weight at harvesting. The average weight of steckling belonging to sterile plants in progenies of different inbreeding generations, not depending on the time of harvesting was higher than in fertile plants. Therefore, probability to select the valuable ms-forms among groups of fast-maturing  plants with  greater weight  of steckling was higher. The selection of stecklings from smaller size groups of middle maturing and late maturing inbreeding progenies is required to  develop valuable mf-lines with high ability for fertility maintaining.Проблемой при создании гетерозисных гибридов свеклы столовой как двулетней овощной культуры, является длительность получения гомозиготных ms- и mf-линий.   Для ускорения создания линейного материала  перспективно использование культуры штеклингов и защищенного грунта.  Однако  при  использовании  данного способа  важен характер взаимосвязи между проявлением признака ЦМС семенных растений и селекционно значимыми признаками штеклингов,  что и явилось целью данных исследований. Исследования  проводили  в  2012-2014  годах. Материал для исследований  – инбредные потомства  (I2-I5)  свёклы столовой, полученные  через  культуру штеклингов, с использованием малообъемной технологии  в  защищенном грунте. Потомства получены на основе сортопопуляции Нежность и гибридных популяций иностранного происхождения. В результате исследований установлено, что одним  из  критериев косвенного  отбора ms-форм  в инбредных  потомствах  может являться скороспелость штеклингов, которая определяет их массу к моменту уборки.  Средняя  масса  штеклингов  стерильных  растений в потомствах разных поколений инбридинга больше, чем у фертильных, не зависимо от срока уборки. Поэтому, вероятность отбора ценных ms-форм выше в группе скороспелых растений с большей массой штеклинга. Для создания перспективных  mf-линий  с высокой  закрепляющей способностью,  наоборот, целесообразно вести отбор штеклингов в более мелкой фракции среди среднеспелых и позднеспелых инбредных потомств

НОВЫЙ СОРТИМЕНТ ДЛЯ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ОВОЩНЫХ КОРНЕПЛОДОВ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЕГО ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ

Vegetable root plants are valuable, irreplaceable components of a rational food of the person. In the assortment structure of the vegetable market table roots occupy 24%. This article presents a new assortment of vegetable roots selection VNIISSOK over the past decade, the characteristics and advantages compared to foreign varieties and hybrids F1; new linear source material for breeding for heterosis carrots, beets, radishes; identified areas of selection in the future, taking into account market requirements. The maintenance of sitepopularity lines and F1 hybrids, carrot, beet, radish, turnip, parsnip: cassette technology of growing fallopian sheet material, turnip, improved scheme the primary seed of parsnip with a change in the winter, selected roots, individual and family selection beet to maintain razdelenata; the technology of breeding lines of radishtrack scheme for cultivation of seed plants in containers of small volume in the protected ground, which allows to obtain two generations per year. The possibility of using small-sized greenhouses for growing seed plants is shown, which increases seed productivity almost twice, compared to open ground, provides reliable spatial isolation. The substantiation of the use of new, more advanced machines and mechanisms for the improvement of seed heap and seed pretreatment is given, which significantly increases the sowing quality.Овощные корнеплодные растения являются ценными, незаменимыми компонентами рационального питания человека. В ассортиментной структуре рынка овощей столовые корнеплоды занимают 24%. В данной статье представлен новый сортимент овощных корнеплодов селекции ВНИИССОК за последнее десятилетие, приведены характеристики и преимущества их по сравнению с зарубежными сортами и гибридами F1; новый исходный линейный материал для селекции на гетерозис моркови, свеклы столовой, редиса; обозначены направления селекции в настоящее время и на перспективу с учетом требований рынка. Показаны возможности использования малогабаритных теплиц для выращивания семенных растений, что увеличивает урожайность семян почти в два раза по сравнению с открытым грунтом, обеспечивает надежную пространственную изоляцию и повышает качество семян. Применение новых ветрорешетных машин марки МР-80/200 позволяет существенно повысить всхожесть семян пастернака до 90%, пневмовибростола – провести отбор более плотных семян редиса для увеличения выхода элитных маточников. Усовершенствованны технологии поддержания сортопопуляций и линий гибридов F1, моркови, свеклы столовой, редиса, репы, пастернака: кассетная технология выращивания маточного материала листовой репы, схема первичного семеноводства пастернака с пересадкой под зиму отобранных корнеплодов, схема индивидуально-семейственного отбора свеклы столовой для поддержания раздельноплодности; разработана технология размножения линий редиса по ускоренной схеме выращивания семенных растений в емкостях малого объема в условиях защищенного грунта, которая позволяет получить два поколения в год.

DEVELOPMENT OF BREEDING VALUABLE BIOTYPES IN RED BEET WITH THE USE OF STECKLING CULTURE

The long period of time needed for production of homozygous ms-and mf-lines in biennial crop is a problem in development of heterotic hybrids in red beet. The use of steckling culture and protected cultivation technology are the  suitable methods  to  speed  up  the  development  of breeding lines. However, the relationship between exhibition of CMS trait in seed plants and horticulturally valuable traits of steckling is very important aim of the study to be considered. The study was performed in 2012-2014. The red  beet  inbreeding  lines (I2-I5), obtained  through steckling culture in low-volume technology under protected cultivation condition were used as a plant material for the study. The generations that were obtained were from cultivar population ‘Nezhnost’ and a hybrid population of foreign origin. As a result, it was shown that one of criterions of indirect selection of ms-form in inbreeding generation may be the fast-maturity of stecklings that determined their yield weight at harvesting. The average weight of steckling belonging to sterile plants in progenies of different inbreeding generations, not depending on the time of harvesting was higher than in fertile plants. Therefore, probability to select the valuable ms-forms among groups of fast-maturing  plants with  greater weight  of steckling was higher. The selection of stecklings from smaller size groups of middle maturing and late maturing inbreeding progenies is required to  develop valuable mf-lines with high ability for fertility maintaining

A NEW ASSORTMENT FOR THE SELECTION OF ROOT VEGETABLE, AND TECHNOLOGY MAINTENANCE

Vegetable root plants are valuable, irreplaceable components of a rational food of the person. In the assortment structure of the vegetable market table roots occupy 24%. This article presents a new assortment of vegetable roots selection VNIISSOK over the past decade, the characteristics and advantages compared to foreign varieties and hybrids F1; new linear source material for breeding for heterosis carrots, beets, radishes; identified areas of selection in the future, taking into account market requirements. The maintenance of sitepopularity lines and F1 hybrids, carrot, beet, radish, turnip, parsnip: cassette technology of growing fallopian sheet material, turnip, improved scheme the primary seed of parsnip with a change in the winter, selected roots, individual and family selection beet to maintain razdelenata; the technology of breeding lines of radishtrack scheme for cultivation of seed plants in containers of small volume in the protected ground, which allows to obtain two generations per year. The possibility of using small-sized greenhouses for growing seed plants is shown, which increases seed productivity almost twice, compared to open ground, provides reliable spatial isolation. The substantiation of the use of new, more advanced machines and mechanisms for the improvement of seed heap and seed pretreatment is given, which significantly increases the sowing quality

METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF SELECTION AND SEED GROWING OF VEGETABLE ROOT PLANTS

Vegetable root plants is a valuable, essential components of a balanced diet person. The basis of the modern methodology of breeding work on root crops is to meet the requirements of the market, so the breeders are faced with the task of creating varieties and hybrids of root crops with an attractive appearance and a sufficiently high nutritional value, suitable for new technologies of cultivation and processing. The regular meeting of the methodical Commission of the edible plants in the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the framework of the international scientific-practical conference "Methodology of selection and seed growing of vegetable root plants." The conference was attended by scientists, breeders, seed growers, experts from Russia and CIS countries. The participants of the conference exchanged information on the achievements, development and application of various methodological approaches in the selection and seed production of vegetable root plants, contributing to the creation and introduction of domestic competitive varieties and hybrids, which will solve the problem of import substitution. The need to create a new source material on the basis of the collections of recent years for breeding on technology, alignment of the external parameters of varieties and hybrids of all vegetable root plants, as well as to improve the methods of seed production, especially for the reproduction of seeds of higher categories and lines of hybrids. The changed scientific and technological conditions of conducting the selection and seed-growing process require improving the efficiency of breeding development, the complexity of selection and genetic research, the use of biotechnological methods, MAS technologies, phytotrons, greenhouses and other facilities to accelerate the selection process

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ СЕЛЕКЦИИ И СЕМЕНОВОДСТВА ОВОЩНЫХ КОРНЕПЛОДНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

Vegetable root plants is a valuable, essential components of a balanced diet person. The basis of the modern methodology of breeding work on root crops is to meet the requirements of the market, so the breeders are faced with the task of creating varieties and hybrids of root crops with an attractive appearance and a sufficiently high nutritional value, suitable for new technologies of cultivation and processing. The regular meeting of the methodical Commission of the edible plants in the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the framework of the international scientific-practical conference "Methodology of selection and seed growing of vegetable root plants." The conference was attended by scientists, breeders, seed growers, experts from Russia and CIS countries. The participants of the conference exchanged information on the achievements, development and application of various methodological approaches in the selection and seed production of vegetable root plants, contributing to the creation and introduction of domestic competitive varieties and hybrids, which will solve the problem of import substitution. The need to create a new source material on the basis of the collections of recent years for breeding on technology, alignment of the external parameters of varieties and hybrids of all vegetable root plants, as well as to improve the methods of seed production, especially for the reproduction of seeds of higher categories and lines of hybrids. The changed scientific and technological conditions of conducting the selection and seed-growing process require improving the efficiency of breeding development, the complexity of selection and genetic research, the use of biotechnological methods, MAS technologies, phytotrons, greenhouses and other facilities to accelerate the selection process.Овощные корнеплодные растения – ценные незаменимые компоненты рационального питания человека. Основой современной методологии селекционной работы по корнеплодным культурам является удовлетворение требований рынка, поэтому перед селекционерами стоит задача создания сортов и гибридов корнеплодов с привлекательным внешним видом и достаточно высокой питательной ценностью, пригодных для новых технологий выращивания и переработки. Состоялось очередное заседание методической комиссии по корнеплодным растениям в ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства» в рамках международной научно-практической конференции «Методология селекции и семеноводства овощных корнеплодных растений». В работе конференции приняли участие ученые, селекционеры, семеноводы, специалисты из России и стран СНГ. Участники конференции обменялись информацией по достижениям, разработке и применению различных методических подходов в селекции и семеноводстве овощных корнеплодных растений, способствующих созданию и внедрению в производство отечественных конкурентоспособных сортов и гибридов, что позволит решить проблему импортозамещения. Отмечена необходимость создавать новый исходный материал на основе поступлений коллекций последних лет для селекции на технологичность, выровненность по внешним параметрам сортов и гибридов всех овощных корнеплодных растений, а также совершенствовать методики семеноводства, особенно для воспроизводства семян высших категорий и линий гибридов. Изменившиеся научно-технологические условия ведения селекционно-семеноводческого процесса требуют повышения эффективности селекционных разработок, комплексности селекционно-генетических исследований, использование биотехнологических методов, МАS-технологий, фитотронов, теплиц и других сооружений для ускорения селекционного процесса