119 research outputs found
The nature of iron-oxygen vacancy defect centers in PbTiO3
The iron(III) center in ferroelectric PbTiO3 together with an oxygen vacancy
forms a charged defect associate, oriented along the crystallographic c-axis.
Its microscopic structure has been analyzed in detail comparing results from a
semi-empirical Newman superposition model analysis based on finestructure data
and from calculations using density functional theory.
Both methods give evidence for a substitution of Fe3+ for Ti4+ as an acceptor
center. The position of the iron ion in the ferroelectric phase is found to be
similar to the B-site in the paraelectric phase. Partial charge compensation is
locally provided by a directly coordinated oxygen vacancy.
Using high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction, it was verified that
lead titanate remains tetragonal down to 12 K, exhibiting a c/a-ratio of
1.0721.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted in Phys. Rev.
Sleep habits and complaints of adults in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1987 and 1995
Centric diatoms of large rivers and tributaries in Hungary: morphology and biogeographic distribution
Centric diatoms of 107 different Hungarian running waters were investigated. Among them the largest was the River Danube, from which more than one hundred plankton samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Only one sample was analysed from creeks, which were the smallest running waters analysed in this study. There were also channels with slow currents flowing out of rivers or connecting different rivers.In total, 41 centric taxa belonging to 11 genera were found during this study. The average number of taxa found in a single watercourse was 7, the maximum 40 and the minimum 1. Cyclotella meneghiniana was the most frequently encountered species (present in 60% ofsites). Twelve taxa were found in more than 20% of sites, 7 taxa between 5–10% and 6 taxa only in one site
A Survey of Experimental Research on Contests, All-Pay Auctions and Tournaments
Many economic, political and social environments can be described as contests in which agents exert costly efforts while competing over the distribution of a scarce resource. These environments have been studied using Tullock contests, all-pay auctions and rankorder tournaments. This survey provides a review of experimental research on these three canonical contests. First, we review studies investigating the basic structure of contests, including the contest success function, number of players and prizes, spillovers and externalities, heterogeneity, and incomplete information. Second, we discuss dynamic contests and multi-battle contests. Then we review research on sabotage, feedback, bias, collusion, alliances, and contests between groups, as well as real-effort and field experiments. Finally, we discuss applications of contests to the study of legal systems, political competition, war, conflict avoidance, sales, and charities, and suggest directions for future research. (author's abstract
On the structural and magnetic properties of R2Fe17(A,T,)x [R=rare earth; A=Al, Si, Ga; T=transition metal] compounds
Correction: Composition-dependent charge transfer and phase separation in the V1−xRexO2 solid solution
Correction for ‘Composition-dependent charge transfer and phase separation in the V1−xRexO2 solid solution’ by D. Mikhailova, et al., Dalton Trans., 2017, 46, 1606–1617.
The authors regret the misspelling of one of the authors as N. N. Kuratieva, in the original manuscript instead of
N. V. Kuratieva. The corrected list of authors and a
ffi
liations for this paper is as shown above.
The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers
Grain size, composition, porosity and permeability contrasts within cross-bedded sandstones in Tertiary fluvial deposits, central Spain
Permeability measured with a portable probe pcrmcflmeter on outcrops of cross·bcdded sandstones ranges
betwecn 0·9 and 19 O. The highest pcrmeability (2-19 0 with an avcrage of8·5 D) occurs in thc coarsest
grained foresct laminae (CFL). intermediate values (2-120 with an average of 5·3 D) occur in fincr
grained foreset laminac (FFL) and thc lowest values (0·9-1 0 0 with un avcrage of 4·8 D) occur in boltomsct
laycrs (BL). In the cross·bcds the uverage grain sizc rangcs from medium graincd sand in the CFL to finc
grained s,lnd in thc FFL and BL. In all three subf'lcies. the average size of the primary pores is
approximately It/> unit smaller than the averagc grain size. The abundance of unstablc carbonatc clasts
correlatcs with incrcasing avcrage grain size, micritic clasts being most abundant in the CFL. Converscly.
quartz content incrcascs with decreasing grain size and is highest in the FFL and BL. Oiagenetic
destruction of primary porosity by compact ion and cementation. as well �IS generation of sccondary porosity
through dissolution, were controlled by the original mineralogical composition of the sand. Contrasts in
grain size detcrmine the primary pore size contrasts and differences in composition bctwecn CFL. FFL
and BL. Permeability contrasts reflect variations in averagc primary pore size rather than differenccs in
total porosity. Probe permeability contrasts between eFL. FFL and BL depend on contrasts in llverage
pore size and contrasts in mineralogical composition between the subfacies
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