MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE-BASED APPROACHES IN CANCER THERAPY–A CRITICAL REVIEW

Cancer is definitely one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Failure in the efficacy of the standard treatments (chemo-, radiotherapy and surgery), and the severe side effects, resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics have necessitated alternative therapeutic strategies. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been assessed as potential cancer therapy materials. Their intrinsic magnetic properties provide a cancer detection, monitoring, and therapy platform based on multimodal theranostics. MNPs can be functionalized by binding them to a wide variety of substances, including chemotherapeutic drugs, radionuclides, nucleic acids, and antibodies. They can be used for drug delivery, magnetic or photothermal induced local hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy aimed at killing cancer cells at the tumor site. MNPs may also be useful to challenge drug resistance. The combination of different options of these treatment modalities offers a synergistic effect and significantly reduces the side effects. The functionalized MNPs may be used to remove the unwanted cells from blood, including leukemia cells and circulating tumor cells that key factors in the metastatic process. Despite numerous successful studies, there are still some unpredictable obstacles relevant to the use of MNPs in cancer therapy. This review mainly focuses on the application of MNPs in cancer treatment, covering future perspectives and challenges aspects

Non-functioning adrenocortical carcinoma requiring radical nephrectomy-case report with review of literature

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare malignancy of the adrenal gland and is the second most aggressive endocrine malignant disease after anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. These tumours can be detected very late as majority are non-functional, i.e., does not secrete any hormones, and only present with vague symptoms. Surgical management of such tumours can be challenging as it can invade the surrounding structures making it very difficult for resection. This is a case of a 61-year male with a large non-functioning adrenal tumour which appeared to be separate from the kidney in the radiological imaging but was found stuck to the renal parenchyma posing a dilemma for the operating team

Carica Papaya’s Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Cancer Properties – A Review

The Carica papaya originates from the Caricaceae family, and various members of this family have been used as treatments for a range of ailments. The perennial plant C. papaya, which is currently found over the whole tropical region, is thought to have originated in the southern region of Mexico. To assess the biological activity of distinct C. papaya sections, several scientific studies have been carried out. Since ancient times, the papaya plant's many components have been employed for medicinal purposes. In this article, the process of extracting Carica papaya leaves as well as the anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties of papaya leaf activity were all things we wanted to assess. The information for this review paper, which focuses mostly on the therapeutic potential of papaya leaf extract was obtained via researching a collection of wider internet databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Elsevier. The papaya plant, which has different parts such as fruit, leaves, seeds, bark, latex, and other substances, is very important in controlling the spread of illness. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids are just a few of the bioactive constituents in this, we focused on the papaya plant leaf's anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties. The papaya has a wide range of therapeutic qualities. Papaya is a potent remedy, according to traditional beliefs. Biological activities have been the subject of much research. In the current review, all the pharmacological applications and activities of certain chemical components are discussed

Simulating transport in and entrainment form nonwoven fibrous, knitted, and opne-cell foam filters

The movement and re-entrainment of liquid droplets from three different filter media, namely fibrous, knitted, and open-cell foam was investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A range of face velocities were considered which resulted in a range of oil transform rates and steady state saturation levels. It will be shown that liquid volume fraction in filters depends on velocity and time. The minimum velocity required for detachment of droplets was also identified. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the behaviour of pre saturated oil-mist filters in different geometric configuration and also different air flow conditions. In this study, all the produced filter geometries have a packing density (solidity) of 2 % with fiber/element diameter of 9 μm and overall dimensions of: 2mm (z), 0.5 mm (x), and 0.5 mm (y). In order to capture the gas-liquid interface, the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method will be applied. To perform the simulations, the open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox, OpenFOAM is used. To verify the accuracy of computations, the calculation of clean pressure drop is compared against well-established pressure approximation in the literature. This work has examined the movement and re-entrainment of droplets in fibrous, knitted, and open-cell foam media with a range of different face velocities. It was found that by increasing in velocity and time, liquid volume fraction in the filters reduced though re-entrainment once a threshold of 2 m/s in all three cases. Furthermore, it has been shown that knitted media produced largest re-entrainment and the fibrous media the least. It is worth mentioning that other factors such as saturation, initial droplet position, temperature may play an important role in re-entrainment form filter which are not investigated in this study. It is important to note however that these results would need to be validated in real media. The large drops entrained from knitted media would be advantageous in many cases as they would readily settle under gravity

Delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Kadaladi region, Southern India

The primary objective of this research is to delineate potential groundwater recharge zones in the Kadaladi taluk of Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, using a combination of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Various factors such as geology, geomorphology, soil, drainage, density, lineament density, slope, rainfall were analyzed at a specific scale. Thematic layers were evaluated for quality and relevance using Saaty's scale, and then integrated using the weighted linear combination technique. The weights assigned to each layer and features were standardized using AHP and the Eigen vector technique, resulting in the final groundwater potential zone map. The AHP method was used to normalize the scores following the assignment of weights to each criterion or factor based on Saaty's 9-point scale. Pair-wise matrix analysis was utilized to calculate the geometric mean and normalized weight for various parameters. The groundwater recharge potential zone map was created by mathematically overlaying the normalized weighted layers. Thematic layers indicating major elements influencing groundwater occurrence and recharge were derived from satellite images. Results indicate that approximately 21.8 km2 of the total area exhibits high potential for groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is viable in areas with moderate slopes, particularly in the central and southeastern regions

Cryo-EM model validation recommendations based on outcomes of the 2019 EMDataResource challenge

This paper describes outcomes of the 2019 Cryo-EM Model Challenge. The goals were to (1) assess the quality of models that can be produced from cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps using current modeling software, (2) evaluate reproducibility of modeling results from different software developers and users and (3) compare performance of current metrics used for model evaluation, particularly Fit-to-Map metrics, with focus on near-atomic resolution. Our findings demonstrate the relatively high accuracy and reproducibility of cryo-EM models derived by 13 participating teams from four benchmark maps, including three forming a resolution series (1.8 to 3.1 Å). The results permit specific recommendations to be made about validating near-atomic cryo-EM structures both in the context of individual experiments and structure data archives such as the Protein Data Bank. We recommend the adoption of multiple scoring parameters to provide full and objective annotation and assessment of the model, reflective of the observed cryo-EM map density

Transient Characteristics of Confined Submerjed Laminar Jet Impingement Heat Transfer from a Vibrating Heater

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the effects of applied surface-vibrations on forced convective heat transfer due to a confined submerged impinging two-dimensional laminar air-jet, for different nozzle-to-heater distances. A new dimensionless parameter representing the frequency of applied vibration is introduced. A comprehensive understanding of the effect applied surface vibrations for non-dimensional nozzle-to-heater distances of H = 1 & 8 is delineated with a parametric study for non-dimensional amplitudes of A = 0.05 & 0.2 and non-dimensional frequency of vibrations in the range 0 ≤ F ≤ 12.8, for a fixed jet Reynolds number of 500. Both instantaneous and time-averaged characteristics of flow and heat transfer are discussed, along with graphical results. It was found that the effect of surface vibrations were larger for smaller values of H, for any given values of other controlling parameters

Effect of standoff distance on the partitioning of surface heat flux during subcooled jet impingement boiling

Heat transfer involving boiling of impinging jets are used for cooling components that dissipate very large heat fluxes, typically over 100 W/cm2 concentrated at discrete locations. Several industrial applications requiring cooling of discretely heated components such as in power electronics, synchrotron x-ray, fusion, and semiconductor laser systems have found beneficial use of boiling impinging jets, particularly due to the large heat transfer coefficients obtained in the stagnation region. The present paper aims to investigate the effect of standoff distance on the partitioning of the surface heat flux during subcooled and confined submerged jet impingement boiling, for different heater sizes. The RPI wall-boiling model is employed for the partitioning of surface heat flux into liquid phase convective, quenching and evaporative heat fluxes, and solved in conjunction with the governing equations for flow and heat transfer. It is found that the standoff distance influences the characteristics of boiling only in the partial nucleate boiling regime. Besides, the influence was only on the liquid phase convective component of the total heat flux, while the quenching and evaporative components remained unaffected. The total heat flux in the partial nucleate boiling regime was consistently larger for smaller standoff distances, irrespective of the heater size. The change in the surface averaged liquid phase convective heat flux with change in standoff distance was also found to be larger for relatively smaller heater sizes in the partial nucleate boiling regime

Experimental Study of Low Frequency Pulsating Liquid Jet Impingement in a confined planar geometry

The use of pulsating impinging jets has been found to have both enhancing as well as deteriorating heat transfer characteristics as compared to traditional steady state jets, depending on the operating conditions. Liquid jet impingement is preferred over air jets for several applications due to their substantially much larger heat transfer coefficients. While there is considerable literature on heat transfer characteristics associated with pulsating air jet impingement, that on the effect of jet pulsations for submerged liquid jet impingement cooling configurations is sparse. An experimental investigation is thus carried out to study the effect of pulsation frequency and amplitude for submerged slot jet impingement cooling of de-ionized water on a heated aluminium surface for Reynolds numbers in the range 500 - 3400, frequencies of 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz, and amplitudes of 50% and 100% of mean flow. In addition, steady state experiments were also carried out for 800 ≤ Re ≤ 7000 for three different jet inlet temperatures 34.83 °C, 39.68 °C and 44.54 °C. For the range of parameters studied, it was found that the effects of jet pulsations are only marginal on the time-averaged heat transfer characteristics. While the effect of jet pulsations was negligible for Reynolds numbers up to 1000, a slight decrease (up to 12%) was observed in the Nusselt number for larger Reynolds numbers with jet pulsations