Statistical Properties of Turbulence: An Overview

We present an introductory overview of several challenging problems in the statistical characterisation of turbulence. We provide examples from fluid turbulence in three and two dimensions, from the turbulent advection of passive scalars, turbulence in the one-dimensional Burgers equation, and fluid turbulence in the presence of polymer additives.Comment: 34 pages, 31 figure

Selective Cholinergic Depletion in Medial Septum Leads to Impaired Long Term Potentiation and Glutamatergic Synaptic Currents in the Hippocampus

Cholinergic depletion in the medial septum (MS) is associated with impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here we investigated whether long term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic currents, mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the CA1 hippocampal region, are affected following cholinergic lesions of the MS. Stereotaxic intra-medioseptal infusions of a selective immunotoxin, 192-saporin, against cholinergic neurons or sterile saline were made in adult rats. Four days after infusions, hippocampal slices were made and LTP, whole cell, and single channel (AMPA or NMDA receptor) currents were recorded. Results demonstrated impairment in the induction and expression of LTP in lesioned rats. Lesioned rats also showed decreases in synaptic currents from CA1 pyramidal cells and synaptosomal single channels of AMPA and NMDA receptors. Our results suggest that MS cholinergic afferents modulate LTP and glutamatergic currents in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, providing a potential synaptic mechanism for the learning and memory deficits observed in the rodent model of selective MS cholinergic lesioning

A pilot study of the prevalence of orofacial and head injuries in schoolboy cricketers at eight private schools in England and Australia

<b>Aims:</b> The aims of this pilot study were to determine the prevalence of head, face and dental injuries sustained by schoolboys while playing cricket and to compare the prevalence of those injuries in England and Australia. <b>Methods:</b> A questionnaire that determined distribution and prevalence of orofacial injuries sustained when playing cricket was distributed to all players (n=411) who played cricket in four private schools in England and four private schools in Australia. There was a 100% response rate. <b>Results:</b> Fifty subjects (24.1%) from English schools and 52 subjects (25.5%) from Australian schools reported injury/injuries to the head, face and teeth. Australian cricketers reported more injuries per player. The distribution of injuries between the two countries was similar. Sixteen players had sustained loosened or broken teeth. Two players reported avulsed teeth. <b>Conclusion:</b> It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of head and orofacial injuries among the schoolboy cricketers but relatively few dental injuries. The distribution of types of head, face and dental injury in England and Australia were similar

An unusual case of extra-abdominal desmoid tumour of the finger

Extra-abdominal desmoid tumour is a rare tumour and involvement of the finger is extremely rare. These are generally non-metastasizing lesion of mesenchymal origin composed of fibrous tissue with locally aggressive proliferative behaviour. We report a case of extra-abdominal desmoid in a sixty year year old lady involving the right index finger. The swelling was slowly increasing in size over a period of eleven years and involved almost the entire length of the finger. A disarticulation at the second metacarpophalangeal joint was done and histopathological examination confirmed it to be a desmoid tumour

Epitaxial growth of Mn-doped ZnO thin films on Al2O3 (0001)

Growth behavior of Mn-doped ZnO thin films (Zn1-xMnxO) on Al2O3 (0001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition was investigated as a function of Mn content (0.00 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.35) mainly using synchrotron x-ray diffraction. We found that a small amount of Mn doping (x = 0.05) significantly improves the crystalline quality, and also leads to a singly oriented film. The superior epitaxial growth of the film with an optimum Mn content seems to be associated with its microstructural evolution.X11sciescopu

Growth and characterization of BGSO single crystal

Bismuth germanium silicon oxide (BGSO) mixed crystals have been successfully grown from solid solutions of bismuth germanium oxide (BGO)-bismuth silicon oxide (BSO) melt by the Czochralski technique using resistive heating furnace and platinum crucible. We have optimized the growth parameters, after overcoming the problems encountered during the growth such as constitutional supercooling (CSC) and crystal cracking. Transmission spectra have been taken for the top, middle and bottom portions of the crystal and it is observed that transmission reduces towards the bottom portion of the crystal. The structure of the grown crystal was solved by direct methods with SIR97 program and refined by full matrix least squares with SHELX93. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected at room temperature