Excitations and phase segregation in a two component Bose-Einstein condensate

Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) equations and the excitation spectrum of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are derived with an arbitrary interaction between bosons, including long-range and short range forces. The nonconverting BEC mixture segregates into two phases for some two-body interactions. Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations are solved for the phase segregated BEC. A possibility of boundary-surface and other localised excitations is studied.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure

An infinitesimally nonrigid polyhedron with nonstationary volume in the Lobachevsky 3-space

We give an example of an infinitesimally nonrigid polyhedron in the Lobachevsky 3-space and construct an infinitesimal flex of that polyhedron such that the volume of the polyhedron isn't stationary under the flex.Comment: 10 pages, 2 Postscript figure

Legislating for universal access to medicines : a rights-based cross-national comparison of UHC laws in 16 countries

Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to ensure that all people have access to health services including essential medicines without risking financial hardship. Yet, in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) inadequate UHC fails to ensure universal access to medicines and protect the poor and vulnerable against catastrophic spending in the event of illness. A human rights approach to essential medicines in national UHC legislation could remedy these inequities. This study identifies and compares legal texts from national UHC legislation that promote universal access to medicines in the legislation of 16 mostly LMICs: Algeria, Chile, Colombia, Ghana, Indonesia, Jordan, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Philippines, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Turkey, Tunisia and Uruguay. The assessment tool was developed based on WHO's policy guidelines for essential medicines and international human rights law; it consists of 12 principles in three domains: legal rights and obligations, good governance, and technical implementation. Relevant legislation was identified, mapped, collected and independently assessed by multi-disciplinary, multi-lingual teams. Legal rights and State obligations toward medicines are frequently codified in UHC law, while most good governance principles are less common. Some technical implementation principles are frequently embedded in national UHC law (i.e. pooled user contributions and financial coverage for the vulnerable), while others are infrequent (i.e. sufficient government financing) to almost absent (i.e. seeking international assistance and cooperation). Generally, upper-middle and high-income countries tended to embed explicit rights and obligations with clear boundaries, and universal mechanisms for accountability and redress in domestic law while less affluent countries took different approaches. This research presents national law makers with both a checklist and a wish list for legal reform for access to medicines, as well as examples of legal texts. It may support goal 7 of the WHO Medicines & Health Products Strategic Programme 2016-30 to develop model legislation for medicines reimbursement

The right to health as the basis for universal health coverage : a cross-national analysis of national medicines policies of 71 countries

Persistent barriers to universal access to medicines are limited social protection in the event of illness, inadequate financing for essential medicines, frequent stock-outs in the public sector, and high prices in the private sector. We argue that greater coherence between human rights law, national medicines policies, and universal health coverage schemes can address these barriers. We present a cross-national content analysis of national medicines policies from 71 countries published between 1990-2016. The World Health Organization's ( WHO) 2001 guidelines for developing and implementing a national medicines policy and all 71 national medicines policies were assessed on 12 principles, linking a health systems approach to essential medicines with international human rights law for medicines affordability and financing for vulnerable groups. National medicines policies most frequently contain measures for medicines selection and efficient spending/cost-effectiveness. Four principles ( legal right to health; government financing; efficient spending; and financial protection of vulnerable populations) are significantly stronger in national medicines policies published after 2004 than before. Six principles have remained weak or absent: pooling user contributions, international cooperation, and four principles for good governance. Overall, South Africa ( 1996), Indonesia and South Sudan ( 2006), Philippines ( 2011-2016), Malaysia ( 2012), Somalia ( 2013), Afghanistan ( 2014), and Uganda ( 2015) include the most relevant texts and can be used as models for other settings. We conclude that WHO's 2001 guidelines have guided the content and language of many subsequent national medicines policies. WHO and national policy makers can use these principles and the practical examples identified in our study to further align national medicines policies with human rights law and with Target 3.8 for universal access to essential medicines in the Sustainable Development Goals

Phase coexistence and resistivity near the ferromagnetic transition of manganites

Pairing of oxygen holes into heavy bipolarons in the paramagnetic phase and their magnetic pair-breaking in the ferromagnetic phase [the so-called current-carrier density collapse (CCDC)] has accounted for the first-order ferromagnetic phase transition, colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), isotope effect, and pseudogap in doped manganites. Here we propose an explanation of the phase coexistence and describe the magnetization and resistivity of manganites near the ferromagnetic transition in the framework of CCDC. The present quantitative description of resistivity is obtained without any fitting parameters by using the experimental resistivities far away from the transition and the experimental magnetization, and essentially model independent.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure