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On the Combined Role of Strong and Electroweak Interactions in Understanding Nuclear Binding Energy Scheme

An attempt is made toa model the atomic nucleus as a combination of bound and free or unbound nucleons. Due to strong interaction, bound nucleons help in increasing nuclear binding energy and due to electroweak interaction, free or unbound nucleons help in decreasing nuclear binding energy. In this context, with reference to proposed 4G model of final unification and strong interaction, recently we have developed a unified nuclear binding energy scheme with four simple terms, one energy coefficient of 10.1 MeV and two small numbers 0.0016 and 0.0019. In this paper, by eliminating the number 0.0019, we try to fine tune the estimation procedure of number of free or unbound nucleons pertaining to the second term with an energy coefficient of 11.9 MeV. Interesting observation is that, Z can be considered as a characteristic representation of range of number of bound isotopes of  Z.&nbsp

Role of Four Gravitational Constants in Nuclear Structure

This paper attempts to understand the role of the four gravitational constants in the nuclear structure whichhelps in understanding the nuclear elementary charge, the strong coupling constant, nuclear charge radii,nucleon magnetic moments, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy and Neutron life time. The three assumed atomic gravitational constants help in understanding neutron-proton stability. Electromagnetic and nuclear gravitational constants play a role in understanding proton-electron mass ratio, Bohr radius and characteristic atomic radius. With reference to the weak gravitational constant, it is possible to predict the existence of a weakly interacting fermion of rest energy 585 GeV, called Higg’s fermion. Cosmological ‘dark matter’ research and observations can be carried out in this direction also

On the role of nuclear quantum gravity in understanding nuclear stability range of Z = 2 to 118

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, ℏc can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, with reference to our earlier introduced coefficients k = 0.00642 and f = 0.00189, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient. The two coefficients can be addressed with powers of the strong coupling constant. Classifying nucleons as ‘free nucleons’ and ‘active nucleons’, nuclear binding energy and stability can be understood. Starting from , number of isotopes seems to increase from 2 to 16 at and then decreases to 1 at For Z >= 84, lower stability seems to be, Alower=(2.5 to 2.531)Z

Understanding the Basics of Final Unification With Three Gravitational Constants Associated With Nuclear, Electromagnetic and Gravitational Interactions

Even though ‘String theory’ models and “quantum gravity’ models [1, 2, 3] are having a strong mathematical back ground and sound physical basis, they are failing in implementing the Newtonian gravitational constant [4] in atomic and nuclear physics and thus seem to fail in developing a ‘workable’ model of final unification. It clearly indicates our lack of understanding and uncertain assumptions on which our current physics is being built up. The main issue is: to understand the basics of final unification from hidden, unknown and un-identified physics! Based on the old and ignored scientific assumption put forward by Nobel laureate Abdus Salam, we developed and compiled many interesting semi empirical relations assumed to be connected with nuclear physics, atomic physics and astrophysics [5, 6]. Based on ‘workability’, we appeal the readers to go through

Calculating the energy of electron in H-atom using modified SUSY physics

In this paper considering the authors previously proposed SUSy concept - ‘fermion and boson mass ratio is close to 2.26’ and considering the electroweak neutral boson, an attempt is made to understand the total energy of revolving electron in the hydrogen atom. thus in this paper authors succeeded in extending the basic applications of SUSY and electroweak theory to atomic level. With further research and analysis, the hidden secrets of electroweak unification can be understood very easily

Cosmologically Strengthening Hydrogen Atom in Black Hole Universe

With reference to the earlier proposed black hole model of cosmology, the authors proposed a unified model mechanism for understanding the light emission mechanism in cosmologically ‘strengthening hydrogen atom’. In this proposed model, characteristic cosmic mass, characteristic nuclear charge radius, Avogadro number and possible quantum states of electron seem to play a major role. Throughout the cosmic evolution, Planck’s constant seems to be a constant whereas the currently believed ‘reduced Planck’s constant’ seems to be a cosmological decreasing variable.With this new proposal - Hubble’s redshift interpretation, Super novae dimming and currently believed cosmic acceleration can be reviewed at fundamental level and a correct model of cosmology can be confirmed

Applications of Hubble Volume in Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, Quantum Physics and Cosmic Physics

In this paper an attempt is made to emphasize the major shortcomings of standard cosmology. It can be suggested that, the current cosmological changes can be understood by studying the atom and the atomic nucleus through ground based experiments. If light is coming from the atoms of the gigantic galaxy, then redshift can be interpreted as an index of the galactic atomic ‘light emission mechanism’. In no way it seems to be connected with ‘galaxy receding’. With ‘cosmological increasing (emitted) photon energy’, observed cosmic redshift can be considered as a measure of the age difference between our galaxy and any observed galaxy. If it is possible to show that, (from the observer) older galaxy’s distance increases with its ‘age’, then ‘galaxy receding’ and ‘accelerating universe’ concepts can be put for a revision at fundamental level. At any given cosmic time, the product of ‘critical density’ and ‘Hubble volume’ gives a characteristic cosmic mass and it can be called as the ‘Hubble mass’. Interesting thing is that, Schwarzschild radius of the ‘Hubble mass’ again matches with the ‘Hubble length’. Most of the cosmologists believe that this is merely a coincidence. At any given cosmic time,’Hubble length’ can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. If one is willing to think in this direction, by increasing the number of applications of Hubble mass and Hubble volume in other areas of fundamental physics like quantum physics, nuclear physics, atomic physics and particle physics - slowly and gradually - in a progressive way, concepts of ‘Black hole Cosmology’ can be strengthened and can also be confirmed

Applications of EM and Gravitational Force Strengths in Unification

By implementing the unified mass unit Mc≅√e2/4πεoG the authors made an attempt to fit and understand the key ‘quantum’ and ‘nuclear’ physical parameters. With MC and by considering the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of proton and electron - the nuclear charge radius, the Planck’s constant and the strong coupling constant can be fitted in a unified approach. Finally by considering the proton rest energy and the nuclear charge radius the authors made an attempt to fit the semi empirical mass formula energy coefficients and stable heavy elements in a very simple way

WAVE: The Web Audio Visual Education in India

To promote advanced low fees high quality education among the people of India within their reach and to promote continuous research program in all areas of Science & Technology